German Braille System
Table of Contents
Editor's note
... 5
Foreword
... 11
Introduction - to the use of this book
... 15
1 General information about braille
1.1 The Braille sign
... 17
1.2 Writing Systems
... 18
1.2.1 The Basic System of the German Braille
... 18
1.2.2 The full text
... 18
1.2.3 The shorthand
... 19
1.2.4 The shorthand
... 19
1.2.5 Computer Braille (Euro-Braille)
... 19
1.2.6 Special Systems
... 19
2 The basic system of the German Braille
2.1 The Alphabet
... 21
2.2 Punctuation and special characters
... 21
2.3 numbers
... 23
2.3.1 Arabic numbers
... 23
2.3.1.1 Basic numbers
... 23
2.3.1.2 Ordinal numbers
... 24
2.3.1.3 Date, time, chapter and verse numbers .. 24
2.3.1.4 Decimal Classifiers
... 26
2.3.1.5 Breaks
... 26
2.3.1.6 percent, per thousand, degree
... 27
2.3.1.7 Paragraph and Article Marks
... 28
2.3.1.8 Punctuation by numbers
... 28
2.3.2 Roman numerals
... 29
2.4 Number Word Connections
... 29
2.5 dashes
... 30
2.5.1 Horizontal bars
... 30
2.5.1.1 Separator
... 30
2.5.1.2 Spare or omission line
... 30
2.5.1.3 hyphen
... 31
2.5.1.4 Dash and line
... 31
2.5.1.5 indent
... 32
2.5.1.6 Dash between numbers
... 32
2.5.2 Slash
... 32
2.5.3 Vertical line
... 33
2.6 Uppercase and lowercase
... 34
2.7 Highlights
... 38
2.8 accented letters
... 39
2.9 Foreign language insertions
... 40
2.10 Mathematical signs and insets
... 41
2.11 Slots in Computer Braille
... 45
3 The full text
... 49
4 The shorthand
4.1 Noise reduction
... 51
4.1.1 List of phonetic group cuts
... 51
4.1.2 Choice of cuts
... 54
4.2 First and last syllables
... 58
4.2.1 Prefix cuts
... 58
4.2.2 Subtype cuts
... 59
4.3 One-word word and word trunk cuts
... 62
4.3.1 One-off cuts, only stand-alone
... 63
4.3.2 One-way cuts, alone or in word combinations
... 64
4.3.3 One-way cuts, alone or at the beginning of a word
... 66
4.3.4 One-way cuts, alone, with endings or in word combinations
... 66
4.3.5 One-dimensional cuts, only with extension
... 67
4.3.6 Comma cuts (reductions preceded by point 2)
... 69
4.4 Two-Form Reductions
... 69
4.5 The umlaut point
... 74
4.6 The nullification point
... 75
4.7 Inserts in basic or full text
... 75
4.8 Restrictions on the application of reductions
... 76
5 Historical and geographical additions
5.1 The shorthand before the 1971 reform
... 79
5.1.1 Sentence and auxiliary signs
... 79
5.1.2 Word abbreviations, suffixes and double-s signs
... 80
5.2 Deviations 1984 compared to 1971
... 82
5.3 Changes 1998
... 83
5.4 Deviations in Switzerland
... 84
6 Validity of the system
... 85
Appendixes
A: Alphabetical list of cuts with examples
... 87
B: Braille systematic list of cuts
... 167
C: Bibliography
... 177
C1: New German Spelling from 1996
... 177
C2: Systematic Representations of Braille
... 178
C3: Teaching and Exercise Books
... 185
C4: Standards
... 188
C5: Programs with documentation
... 188
D: Addresses of Braille publishers
... 189
Index of keywords
... 191
Supplement 2005
... 199