,WORLD ,BRAILLE ,USAGE
,THIRD ,EDITION
,PERKINS1 ,INTERNATIONAL ,COUNCIL ON
,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE1 ,NATIONAL ,LIBRARY
,SERVICE FOR THE ,BLIND AND
,PHYSICALLY ,HANDICAPPED ,LIBRARY OF
,CONGRESS1 ,,UNESCO
,PUBLISHED BY ,PERKINS1 ,INTERNATIONAL
,COUNCIL ON ,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE1
,NATIONAL ,LIBRARY ,SERVICE FOR THE
,BLIND AND ,PHYSICALLY ,HANDICAPPED
,LIBRARY OF ,CONGRESS
,TRANSCRIPTION OF ,,ISBN
#IGH-J-HDDD-IEFD-D
,COPYRIGHT ^C #AIED1 #AIIJ BY ,,UNESCO4
,USED BY PERMISSION #BJAC4
,TRANSCRIBED #BJAD
,FOR THE ,PERKINS ,LIBRARY
,WATERTOWN1 ,MASSACHUSETTS #JBDGB
,VOLUME #A OF #E
,BRAILLE PAGES T#A-T#D1 P#A-P#CI1 #A-GE
,PRINT PAGES ;I-;XVI1 #A-B#CC T#A
,,SPECIAL ,,SYMBOLS ,,USED
,,IN ,,THIS ,,VOLUME
@ 7#D7 ,ACCENT SYMBOL
@& ,AMPERSAND
77A ,ASTERISK REFERENCE INDICATOR
_4 ,BULLET
^C ,COPYRIGHT SYMBOL
.K ,EQUALS
. 7#DF7 ,SINGLE ITALIC INDICATOR
.. 7#DF1 #DF7 ,DOUBLE ITALIC INDICATOR
_/ ,SLASH
,' 7#F1 #C7 ,TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
INDICATOR
,COMPUTER ,BRAILLE ,CODE
_+ ,BEGIN ,COMPUTER ,BRAILLE ,CODE
_: ,END ,COMPUTER ,BRAILLE ,CODE
_ 7#DEF7 ,SHIFT INDICATOR
_& ,CONTINUATION INDICATOR
_> ,CAPS LOCK INDICATOR
_< ,CAPS RELEASE INDICATOR
@ 7#D7 ,AT SIGN
: ,COLON
- 7#CF7 ,HYPHEN T#B
. 7#DF7 ,PERIOD
/ ,SLASH
,ALL NUMBERS IN ,COMPUTER ,BRAILLE
,CODE APPEAR IN THE LOWER PART OF THE
CELL1 WITHOUT THE NUMBER SIGN4
T#C
,,TRANSCRIBER'S ,,NOTES
,BRAILLE IS UNCONTRACTED1 USING THE
RULES AND GUIDELINES FROM THE ,BRAILLE
,AUTHORITY OF ,NORTH ,AMERICA4
,UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED1 ,UNICODE
DESCRIPTIONS ARE USED TO IDENTIFY
ALPHABET CHARACTERS4 ,PRINT CHARACTERS
FORMED FROM A COMBINATION OF ,UNICODE
CHARACTERS ARE IDENTIFIED BY DESCRIPTION
AND IN THE ORDER THE CHARACTERS ARE
COMBINED4 ,THESE COMBINED CHARACTERS ARE
NOT CLASSIFIED BY TYPE4
,COLUMNS FOR MOST TABLES WITHIN THIS
DOCUMENT FOLLOW ONE ANOTHER IN THIS
ORDER3
DESCRIPTION3 TRANSLITERATION2 7DOT
NUMBERS72 BRAILLE
T#D
,CONTENTS ;I-;III
,VOLUME #A
,FOREWORD TO THE ,THIRD ,EDITION ;VIII
,ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS """"""""""""""""""" ;X
,THE ,INTERNATIONAL ,PHONETIC
,ALPHABET """""""""""""""""""""" ;XI
,REFERENCES """""""""""""""""""""" ;XI
,,IPA ,BRAILLE ,CHARTS 7,,IPA
,REVISED TO #BJJE7 """""""""""" ;XII
,INTRODUCTION TO ,COUNTRY
,LISTINGS """"""""""""""""""""" ;XVI
,BRAILLE ,USAGE BY ,COUNTRY """"""""" #A
,ALBANIA """""""""""""""""""""""""" #A
,ALGERIA """""""""""""""""""""""""" #A
,ANDORRA """""""""""""""""""""""""" #A
,ANTIGUA AND ,BARBUDA """"""""""""" #B
,ARGENTINA """""""""""""""""""""""" #B
,ARMENIA """""""""""""""""""""""""" #C
,AUSTRALIA """""""""""""""""""""""" #E
,AUSTRIA """""""""""""""""""""""""" #F
,AZERBAIJAN """"""""""""""""""""""" #G
,BAHAMAS """""""""""""""""""""""""" #H
,BAHRAIN1 ,KINGDOM OF """"""""""""" #H
P#A
A;III
,BANGLADESH """"""""""""""""""""""" #I
,BARBADOS """""""""""""""""""""""" #AA
,BELARUS """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AB
,BELGIUM """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AC
,BHUTAN """""""""""""""""""""""""" #AD
,BOLIVIA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AF
,BOSNIA AND ,HERZEGOVINA """"""""" #AF
,BRAZIL """""""""""""""""""""""""" #AG
,BULGARIA """""""""""""""""""""""" #AH
,CAMBODIA """""""""""""""""""""""" #AI
,CAMEROON """""""""""""""""""""""" #BB
,CANADA """""""""""""""""""""""""" #BB
,CHILE """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #BC
,CHINA """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #BD
,COLOMBIA """""""""""""""""""""""" #BD
,CONGO1 ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC OF
THE """""""""""""""""""""""""""" #BE
,COSTA ,RICA """"""""""""""""""""" #BE
,CROATIA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #BF
-------------------------------------;IV
,CUBA """""""""""""""""""""""""""" #BH
,CYPRUS """""""""""""""""""""""""" #BH
,CZECH ,REPUBLIC """"""""""""""""" #BI
P#B
A;IV
,DENMARK """"""""""""""""""""""""" #CJ
,DOMINICA """""""""""""""""""""""" #CC
,DOMINICAN ,REPUBLIC """"""""""""" #CC
,VOLUME #B
,ECUADOR """"""""""""""""""""""""" #CD
,EGYPT """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #CD
,EL ,SALVADOR """""""""""""""""""" #CE
,ESTONIA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #CF
,ETHIOPIA """""""""""""""""""""""" #CG
,FINLAND """"""""""""""""""""""""" #DB
,FRANCE """""""""""""""""""""""""" #DC
,GAMBIA """""""""""""""""""""""""" #DD
,GEORGIA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #DE
,GERMANY """"""""""""""""""""""""" #DF
,GHANA """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #DG
,GREECE """""""""""""""""""""""""" #DH
,GRENADA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #DI
,GUATEMALA """"""""""""""""""""""" #DI
,HAITI """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #EJ
,HONDURAS """""""""""""""""""""""" #EA
,HONG ,KONG """""""""""""""""""""" #EB
,HUNGARY """"""""""""""""""""""""" #EB
P#C
B;IV
,ICELAND """"""""""""""""""""""""" #EC
,INDIA """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #EE
,INDONESIA """"""""""""""""""""""" #GJ
,IRAN """""""""""""""""""""""""""" #GA
,IRELAND """"""""""""""""""""""""" #GC
,ISRAEL """""""""""""""""""""""""" #GD
,ITALY """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #GF
,VOLUME #C
,JAMAICA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #GF
,JAPAN """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #GG
,JORDAN """""""""""""""""""""""""" #GG
,KAZAKHSTAN """""""""""""""""""""" #GH
,KENYA """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #GI
,KUWAIT """""""""""""""""""""""""" #GI
--------------------------------------;V
,KYRGYZSTAN """""""""""""""""""""" #HJ
,LAOS 7,LAO ,PEOPLE'S
,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC7 """"""""" #HA
,LATVIA """""""""""""""""""""""""" #HC
,LEBANON """"""""""""""""""""""""" #HE
,LIBERIA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #HE
,LIBYA """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #HE
P#D
A;V
,LITHUANIA """"""""""""""""""""""" #HF
,LUXEMBOURG """""""""""""""""""""" #HG
,MACEDONIA """"""""""""""""""""""" #HI
,MADAGASCAR """""""""""""""""""""" #IJ
,MALAYSIA """""""""""""""""""""""" #IA
,MALTA """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #IB
,MAURITANIA """""""""""""""""""""" #IC
,MAURITIUS """"""""""""""""""""""" #IC
,MEXICO """""""""""""""""""""""""" #IC
,MOLDOVA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #ID
,MONGOLIA """""""""""""""""""""""" #ID
,MOROCCO """"""""""""""""""""""""" #IE
,MYANMAR1 ,REPUBLIC OF THE
,UNION OF 7ALSO CALLED ,BURMA7 #IE
,NEPAL """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #IF
,NETHERLANDS """"""""""""""""""""" #IG
,NEW ,ZEALAND """""""""""""""""""" #IH
,NICARAGUA """"""""""""""""""""""" #II
,NIGERIA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #II
,NORWAY """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AJA
,OMAN """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #AJC
,PAKISTAN """"""""""""""""""""""" #AJC
,PANAMA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AJE
P#E
B;V
,PAPUA ,NEW ,GUINEA """"""""""""" #AJF
,PARAGUAY """"""""""""""""""""""" #AJH
,PERU """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #AJI
,PHILIPPINES """""""""""""""""""" #AJI
,POLAND """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AAC
,PORTUGAL """"""""""""""""""""""" #AAE
,QATAR """""""""""""""""""""""""" #AAE
,ROMANIA """""""""""""""""""""""" #AAF
,RUSSIA 7,RUSSIAN ,FEDERATION7 "" #AAF
-------------------------------------;VI
,VOLUME #D
,SAINT ,KITTS AND ,NEVIS """""""" #AAF
,SAINT ,LUCIA """"""""""""""""""" #AAG
,SAINT ,VINCENT AND THE
,GRENADINES """"""""""""""""""" #AAG
,SAMOA """""""""""""""""""""""""" #AAH
,SAUDI ,ARABIA """""""""""""""""" #AAI
,SERBIA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AAI
,SEYCHELLES """"""""""""""""""""" #ABA
,SIERRA ,LEONE """""""""""""""""" #ABA
,SINGAPORE """""""""""""""""""""" #ABB
,SLOVAK ,REPUBLIC """"""""""""""" #ABB
P#F
A;VI
,SLOVENIA """"""""""""""""""""""" #ABD
,SOUTH ,AFRICA """""""""""""""""" #ABE
,SOUTH ,KOREA 7,REPUBLIC OF
,KOREA7 """"""""""""""""""""""" #ABI
,SPAIN """""""""""""""""""""""""" #ACA
,SRI ,LANKA """"""""""""""""""""" #ACB
,SWEDEN """"""""""""""""""""""""" #ACE
,SWITZERLAND """""""""""""""""""" #ACF
,SYRIA """""""""""""""""""""""""" #ACG
,TAIWAN """"""""""""""""""""""""" #ACG
,TAJIKISTAN """"""""""""""""""""" #ACH
,THAILAND """"""""""""""""""""""" #ACI
,TIBET 7,CHINA7 """"""""""""""""" #ADB
,TOGO """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #ADD
,TRINIDAD AND ,TOBAGO """"""""""" #ADF
,TUNISIA """""""""""""""""""""""" #ADF
,TURKEY """"""""""""""""""""""""" #ADF
,TURKMENISTAN """"""""""""""""""" #ADG
,UGANDA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #ADH
,UKRAINE """""""""""""""""""""""" #AEJ
,UNITED ,ARAB ,EMIRATES """"""""" #AEA
,UNITED ,KINGDOM 7,ENGLAND1
,NORTHERN ,IRELAND1 ,SCOTLAND1
P#G
B;VI
,WALES7 """"""""""""""""""""""" #AEB
,UNITED ,STATES OF ,AMERICA """"" #AED
,URUGUAY """""""""""""""""""""""" #AEF
,UZBEKISTAN """"""""""""""""""""" #AEG
,VENEZUELA """""""""""""""""""""" #AEH
,VIETNAM """""""""""""""""""""""" #AEI
,YEMEN """""""""""""""""""""""""" #AFJ
------------------------------------;VII
,ZAMBIA """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AFA
,ZIMBABWE """"""""""""""""""""""" #AFD
,VOLUME #E
,BRAILLE ,ALPHABETS ,USED IN
,MULTIPLE ,COUNTRIES """""""""" #AFE
,ALBANIAN """"""""""""""""""""""" #AFE
,ARABIC """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AFF
,CANTONESE """""""""""""""""""""" #AFI
,CATALAN """""""""""""""""""""""" #AGB
,DANISH """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AGC
,DUTCH """""""""""""""""""""""""" #AGD
,ENGLISH """""""""""""""""""""""" #AGE
,ESPERANTO """""""""""""""""""""" #AGG
,EW@E """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #AGI
P#H
A;VII
,FRENCH """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AHJ
,GERMAN """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AHB
,GREEK """""""""""""""""""""""""" #AHC
,GREEK 7,INTERNATIONAL7 """"""""" #AHE
,HUNGARIAN """""""""""""""""""""" #AHH
,IRISH ,GAELIC """""""""""""""""" #AHI
,ITALIAN """""""""""""""""""""""" #AIJ
,JAPANESE """"""""""""""""""""""" #AIA
,KISWAHILI """""""""""""""""""""" #AIC
,MALAY """""""""""""""""""""""""" #AID
,MANDARIN """"""""""""""""""""""" #AIE
,NDEBELE """""""""""""""""""""""" #AIG
,PORTUGUESE """"""""""""""""""""" #AIG
,ROMANIAN """"""""""""""""""""""" #AII
,RUSSIAN """""""""""""""""""""""" #BJJ
,SPANISH """""""""""""""""""""""" #BJA
,SWEDISH """""""""""""""""""""""" #BJC
,TURKISH """""""""""""""""""""""" #BJD
,INDEX BY ,LANGUAGE ,NAME """"""""" #BJE
P#I
,FOREWORD TO THE ;VIII
,THIRD ,EDITION
,SIXTY YEARS AGO ,,UNESCO LED THE
CHARGE IN PUBLISHING THE FIRST EDITION
OF .,WORLD .,BRAILLE .,USAGE4 ,THE
INITIAL EFFORT WAS FOCUSED ON THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNIVERSAL1 WORLDWIDE
CODE4 ,WHILE THERE IS STILL INTEREST IN
UNIVERSAL AGREEMENT ON CHARACTERS THAT
ARE USED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD1 THE
EMPHASIS NOW IS ON UNIFICATION WITHIN
LANGUAGES1 AS DRIVEN BY BRAILLE
AUTHORITIES AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS4
,MANY NEW COUNTRIES HAVE ADOPTED
OFFICIAL CODES1 AND COUNTRIES WITH
SHARED LANGUAGES HAVE FORMED COALITIONS
TO ASSESS CURRENT USAGE AND CRAFT
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE4 ,THE
,INTERNATIONAL ,COUNCIL ON ,ENGLISH
,BRAILLE 7,,ICEB71 FOR EXAMPLE1 BROUGHT
TOGETHER ,AUSTRALIA1 ,CANADA1 ,NEW
,ZEALAND1 ,NIGERIA1 ,SOUTH ,AFRICA1 THE
,UNITED ,KINGDOM1 AND THE ,UNITED
,STATES TO DEVELOP A ,UNIFIED P#AJ
,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE ,CODE 7,,UEB7 A;VIII
FOR BOTH TECHNICAL AND LITERARY
PURPOSES1 WHICH THE FINAL MEMBER NATION
RECENTLY ADOPTED4 ,MEANWHILE1 THE
,BRAILLE ,MUSIC ,CODE HAS BEEN
INTERNATIONALLY STANDARDIZED SINCE THE
#AIIJ;S4
,BRAILLE1 AS THE WORLD'S PRE-EMINENT
SYSTEM OF TOUCH READING AND WRITING USED
BY PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND1 CONTINUES TO BE
A VITAL TOOL OF LITERACY4 ,ALLOWING
IMMEDIATE AND DIRECT ACCESS TO WRITTEN
COMMUNICATION1 BRAILLE HAS BROADENED
FROM A METHOD FOR READING EMBOSSED BOOKS
TO A MULTIMODAL TOOL ENCOMPASSING A
MYRIAD OF USES1 FROM BRAILLE SIGNAGE AND
PRODUCT LABELING TO REFRESHABLE BRAILLE
DISPLAYS4 ,AS A TOOL FOR WRITING1 IT
ALSO ALLOWS A PERSON WHO IS BLIND TO
EASILY RECORD ACCURATE INFORMATION AND
ACCESS THAT INFORMATION QUICKLY FOR
LATER USE4
,ALL THIS IS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF BRAILLE CODES3
STANDARDIZED1 AGREED-UPON WAYS OF P#AA
REPRESENTING CHARACTERS AND B;VIII
ARRANGING TEXT FOR MAXIMUM
COMPREHENSION4 ,AS BRAILLE
AUTHORITIES--ENTITIES ORGANIZED TO
FORMULATE AND PROMULGATE BRAILLE
CODES--HAVE BECOME PREVALENT THROUGHOUT
THE WORLD1 THE FOUNDATION OF BRAILLE HAS
BECOME STRENGTHENED4 ,ALTHOUGH BRAILLE
AUTHORITIES TAKE MANY FORMS1 FROM
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES TO CONSORTIUMS OF
INTERESTED ORGANIZATIONS1 THEIR
INFLUENCE IS WIDE-RANGING4 ,THE CODES
THEY DEVELOP PERMIT CONSISTENT EDUCATION
FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND1 AND THE
ADVANCED STUDY OF SUBJECTS SUCH AS
MATHEMATICS1 SCIENCE1 AND OTHER
LANGUAGES4 ,MANY AUTHORITIES ALSO TAKE
ON THE TASK OF PROMOTING BRAILLE
LITERACY1 AS WELL AS INSTRUCTION1
PRODUCTION1 AND DISTRIBUTION4
,DESPITE DIRE PREDICTIONS OF ITS
DEMISE1 BRAILLE CONTINUES TO DEVELOP AS
A VIBRANT MEANS OF COMMUNICATION THAT
ENABLES PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND TO
PARTICIPATE IN SOCIETY1 PURSUE P#AB
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES1 C;VIII
ATTAIN COMMENSURATE EMPLOYMENT1 AND
ENJOY THE MANY ACTIVITIES OF EVERYDAY
LIFE4 ,STANDARDIZATION HAS GIVEN BRAILLE
A FIRMER FOUNDATION THAN IT HAS HAD
BEFORE NOW--AND TECHNOLOGY HAS
TRANSFORMED THE WAYS IN WHICH IT IS BOTH
PRODUCED AND ACCESSED4 ,BRAILLE
TRANSLATION SOFTWARE1 WHILE IT DOES NOT
COMPLETELY REPLACE THE HUMAN
TRANSCRIBER1 ALLOWS TEXT TO BE ENCODED
QUICKLY FOR EMBOSSING1 OR DISPLAYED ON A
REFRESHABLE BRAILLE DEVICE4 ,,DAISY AND
OTHER STANDARDS HAVE STREAMLINED THE
ALTERNATIVE TEXT PRODUCTION PROCESS
THROUGH THE USE OF MARK-UP LANGUAGES1 AN
AREA RIFE WITH POSSIBILITIES FOR FUTURE
DEVELOPMENT IN INCORPORATING BRAILLE4
,EMBOSSING TECHNOLOGY HAS CONTINUED TO
IMPROVE1 PRODUCING MACHINES THAT CAN
PRINT HUNDREDS OF CELLS PER SECOND4
,IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES1 MORE AND MORE
BRAILLE READERS ARE SHIFTING MUCH OF
THEIR READING TO REFRESHABLE BRAILLE
DISPLAYS1 WHICH MAKE LENGTHY P#AC
BRAILLE WORKS PRACTICAL AND D;VIII
PORTABLE1 AND ALLOW BRAILLE READERS TO
INTERFACE WITH COMPUTERS1 SMART PHONES1
AND THE OTHER ACCOUTREMENTS OF THE
-------------------------------------;IX
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY4 ,REFRESHABLE
BRAILLE DISPLAYS HAVE MADE THE USE OF
#H-DOT CODES MORE PREVALENT NOW THAN
WHEN THEY WERE USED FOR ONLY A FEW
SPECIALIZED PURPOSES4 ,WITH #BEF
POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS1 #H-DOT CODES
ALLOW A MUCH WIDER VARIETY OF CHARACTERS
TO BE REPRESENTED BY A UNIQUE CELL1
MAKING INTERACTION WITH COMPUTERS MORE
STRAIGHTFORWARD4 ,THERE IS AS YET NO
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR #H-DOT
BRAILLE1 BUT MANY SYSTEMS USE THE
SEVENTH DOT TO MARK UPPER-CASE
CHARACTERS OR USE ONE OF THE EXTRA DOTS
TO DISPLAY WHERE THE CURSOR IS ON THE
SCREEN4 ,SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS ARE
CURRENTLY WORKING TO DEVELOP SPECIALIZED
#H-DOT CODES THAT DIRECTLY ADDRESS THE
NEEDS OF MATH AND SCIENCE USERS1 AND IT
IS POSSIBLE WE WILL SEE P#AD
STANDARDIZATION IN THOSE AREAS IN A;IX
THE FUTURE4
#H-DOT CODE IS NOT THE ONLY ASPECT OF
BRAILLE THAT IS STILL EVOLVING AND
SHIFTING4 ,WHILE INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDIZATION AND UNIFICATION ARE ON
THE RISE1 THERE ARE ALSO MANY NEW
BRAILLE CODES BEING DEVELOPED AS A
RESULT OF GEOPOLITICAL CHANGES AND
IMPROVED RECOGNITION OF LINGUISTIC
DIVERSITY4 ,SOME COUNTRIES HAVE RESISTED
STANDARDIZATION1 WHILE OTHER LANGUAGE
CODES REMAIN BASICALLY UNCONTRACTED
BRAILLE WITH FEW1 IF ANY1 RULES1 DUE TO
LACK OF DEVELOPMENT OR ORGANIZATIONAL
AUTHORITY4 ,WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,UNION OF THE ,BLIND
7,,ULAC7 AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS1 THERE
HAS BEEN SOME EFFORT TO CREATE CODES FOR
INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES1 BUT FEW SUCH CODES
HAVE BEEN OFFICIALLY ADOPTED4
,MEANWHILE1 REFRESHABLE BRAILLE DISPLAYS
AND OTHER MODERN TECHNOLOGIES REMAIN OUT
OF REACH FOR MANY BRAILLE READERS AROUND
THE WORLD DUE TO THEIR EXPENSE4 P#AE
,UNTIL PRODUCTION COSTS ARE B;IX
REDUCED1 THE SLATE AND STYLUS WILL
REMAIN THE PRIMARY TOOL OF BRAILLE
LITERACY FOR THESE PEOPLE1 ALLOWING THEM
TO INEXPENSIVELY WRITE AND READ WHAT HAS
BEEN WRITTEN4
,IN SHORT1 THE WORLD OF BRAILLE
REMAINS IN FLUX4 ,DEVELOPED WITH SUPPORT
FROM ,PERKINS1 THE ,INTERNATIONAL
,COUNCIL ON ,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE1 AND THE
,NATIONAL ,LIBRARY ,SERVICE FOR THE
,BLIND AND ,PHYSICALLY ,HANDICAPPED1
THIS THIRD EDITION OF .,WORLD .,BRAILLE
.,USAGE ATTEMPTS TO DOCUMENT THE CURRENT
STATE OF BRAILLE AROUND THE WORLD4 ,BUT
MANY CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS--BOTH
TECHNOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL--REMAIN ON
THE HORIZON4 ,WE HOPE THAT THE TREND
TOWARD CODIFYING ADDITIONAL LANGUAGES1
STANDARDIZING CURRENT CODES1 AND
DEVELOPING NEW TOOLS FOR ACCESS WILL
CONTINUE1 MAKING BRAILLE LITERACY
ACCESSIBLE IN EVERY NATIVE TONGUE TO
P#AF
PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND4 C;IX
,JUDITH ,M4 ,DIXON1 ,PH4,D4
,WASHINGTON1 ,,DC
,MARCH #BJAC
--------------------------------------;X
,ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
,THREE COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS1
,PERKINS1 THE ,NATIONAL ,LIBRARY
,SERVICE FOR THE ,BLIND AND ,PHYSICALLY
,HANDICAPPED1 ,LIBRARY OF ,CONGRESS
7,,NLS7 AND THE ,INTERNATIONAL ,COUNCIL
ON ,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE 7,,ICEB71 DEDICATE
THIS NEWEST EDITION OF .,WORLD .,BRAILLE
.,USAGE TO THE MILLIONS OF BRAILLE
USERS1 TEACHERS1 PRODUCERS1 AND
ORGANIZATIONS1 PAST AND PRESENT1 WHO
TIRELESSLY ADVANCE EQUAL AND GLOBAL
ACCESS TO LITERACY AND GREATER
INDEPENDENCE FOR PERSONS WHO ARE BLIND1
THROUGH THE USE OF BRAILLE4
..,WORLD ,BRAILLE ,USAGE1 ,THIRD
.,EDITION1 IS BUILT UPON THE FIRM
FOUNDATION OF THOSE WHO HAVE P#AG
LABORED ON BEHALF OF BRAILLE A;X
LITERACY AND THE SUCCESS THEY HAVE
ACHIEVED IN PRIOR EDITIONS4 ,,UNESCO HAS
BEEN INSTRUMENTAL IN RECOGNIZING THAT
LITERACY IS A FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHT4
,WITHOUT ,,UNESCO,''S VISION AND SUPPORT
IN PUBLISHING THE FIRST TWO EDITIONS OF
.,WORLD .,BRAILLE .,USAGE1 THIS THIRD
EDITION WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE4
,IN ADDITION1 THE ,INTERNATIONAL
,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIATION DEVELOPED THE
PHONETIC CHART1 WHICH WAS THE
CORNERSTONE OF THE FIRST EDITION1 AND
CONTINUES TO BE THE SEMINAL TOOL THROUGH
WHICH NEW LANGUAGES CAN BE TRANSLATED
INTO BRAILLE4
,MANY OTHER BRAILLE-RELATED
ORGANIZATIONS DESERVE THANKS FOR THEIR
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THIS PROJECT1 INCLUDING
THE ,WORLD ,BLIND ,UNION1 THE
,INTERNATIONAL ,COUNCIL FOR ,EDUCATION
OF ,PEOPLE WITH ,VISUAL ,IMPAIRMENT1 THE
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BRAILLE ,COUNCIL OF
,,ULAC 7,COMISI@ON ,BRAILLE
,LATINOAMERICANA71 ,DUXBURY P#AH
,SYSTEMS1 AND THE ,JAPAN ,BRAILLE B;X
,LIBRARY1 AUTHORS OF THE REPORT
.,BRAILLE .IN .,ASIA4
,IN ADDITION1 THIS PUBLICATION IS THE
PRODUCT OF A WORLDWIDE EFFORT BY
HUNDREDS OF INDIVIDUALS WHO PROVIDED
CRUCIAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE USE OF
BRAILLE IN THEIR RESPECTIVE COUNTRIES4
,ALTHOUGH TOO NUMEROUS TO MENTION
INDIVIDUALLY1 THEY DESERVE OUR SINCERE
GRATITUDE4
,SEVERAL INDIVIDUALS CLOSELY
ASSOCIATED WITH THE PUBLICATION OF THIS
EDITION OF .,WORLD .,BRAILLE .,USAGE
ALSO DESERVE SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT3
,WILLIAM ,SCHAWBEL1 OF THE ,SCHAWBEL
,CORPORATION1 FOR HIS GENEROUS DONATION
THAT ENABLED ,PERKINS TO TAKE THE LEAD
ON THIS PROJECT2 ,STEVEN ,ROTHSTEIN1
,PRESIDENT OF ,PERKINS1 FOR SPEARHEADING
THIS PROJECT AND ENSURING THAT THERE
WERE ADEQUATE RESOURCES TO SUPPORT IT2
,KAREN ,KENINGER1 ,DIRECTOR OF ,,NLS1
FOR HER COMMITMENT TO THE PUBLICATION OF
THIS BOOK2 ,MR4 ,JAWAHAR ,LAL P#AI
,KAUL1 ,SECRETARY ,GENERAL OF THE C;X
,ALL ,INDIA ,CONFEDERATION OF THE
,BLIND1 A CHAMPION OF BRAILLE AND OF
THIS PROJECT2 ,DR4 ,JUDITH ,DIXON1
,CONSUMER ,RELATIONS ,OFFICER OF ,,NLS
FOR HER CONTRIBUTION TO BOTH THE #AIIJ
AND #BJAC EDITIONS2 ,DR4 ,ROBERT
,ENGLEBRETSON FOR HIS GENEROUS SUPPORT
AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF HIS ARTICLE ON
THE .,INTERNATIONAL .,PHONETIC
.,ALPHABET2 ,KIM ,CHARLSON1 ,DIRECTOR OF
THE ,BRAILLE AND ,TALKING ,BOOK ,LIBRARY
7,,BTBL7 AT ,PERKINS AND A MEMBER OF THE
PROJECT TEAM WHO HELPED TO GUIDE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A THIRD EDITION2 ,SUSAN
,CHRISTENSEN1 THE EDITOR1 FOR HER
CONSULTATIVE ADVICE AND DETAILED WORK
PREPARING THE LANGUAGE AND BRAILLE
CHARACTERS IN THIS BOOK2 AND ,ELLEN
,HALL1 ,BRAILLE ,LITERACY ,MANAGER OF
,PERKINS1 FOR HER WORK DEVELOPING
CONTENT AND COORDINATING EFFORTS TO
PUBLISH THIS ..,THIRD ,EDITION OF ,WORLD
P#BJ
,BRAILLE .,USAGE4 D;X
,DR4 ,AUBREY ,WEBSON
,DIRECTOR OF ,PERKINS ,INTERNATIONAL
,PERKINS
P#BA
,THE ,INTERNATIONAL ;XI
,PHONETIC ,ALPHABET
,THE ,INTERNATIONAL ,PHONETIC
,ALPHABET 7,,IPA7 IS A SYSTEM FOR
REPRESENTING PRECISE DETAILS OF
PRONUNCIATION IN WRITTEN FORM4 ,IT IS
WIDELY USED IN LINGUISTICS1 CLINICAL
SPEECH SCIENCES1 LANGUAGE TEACHING1
VOCAL MUSIC PEDAGOGY1 ACCENT TRAINING
FOR ACTORS1 PRONUNCIATION GUIDES FOUND
IN MANY DICTIONARIES AND LANGUAGE
TEXTBOOKS1 AND IN ANY ENDEAVOR WHERE IT
IS NECESSARY TO CAPTURE ACCURATELY THE
NUANCES OF SPEECH4 ,THE ,,IPA ITSELF IS
NOT A LANGUAGE1 AND IT IS NOT LOCALIZED
TO ANY PARTICULAR COUNTRY OR LANGUAGE
GROUP4 ,IT IS DEVELOPED AND MAINTAINED
BY THE ,INTERNATIONAL ,PHONETIC
,ASSOCIATION1 AND ITS GOAL IS TO
REPRESENT UNAMBIGUOUSLY ALL OF THE
SOUNDS IN THE APPROXIMATELY #F1JJJ
LANGUAGES SPOKEN ON EARTH TODAY1
INCLUDING LANGUAGES THAT HAVE NO WRITING
SYSTEM4 ,THE ,,IPA CONSISTS OF P#BB
NEARLY #BJJ UNIQUE SYMBOLS3 A;XI
CONSONANTS1 VOWELS1 SUPRASEGMENTALS1
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS1 DIACRITICS1 AND
MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS4
,THE COMPLETE1 CURRENT1 PRINT ,,IPA
CHARTS CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM THE
,INTERNATIONAL ,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIATION'S
WEB PAGE AT _+HTTP://WWW.LANGSCI.UCL._&
AC.UK/IPA/IPACHART.HTML_:4 ,THESE CHARTS
ARE FREELY DISTRIBUTABLE UNDER A
,CREATIVE ,COMMONS
,ATTRIBUTION-,SHAREALIKE #C.J ,UNPORTED
,LICENSE1 ,COPYRIGHT ^C #BJJE
,INTERNATIONAL ,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIATION4
,COMPLETE ,,IPA CHARTS ARE ALSO FOUND IN
MOST INTRODUCTORY-LEVEL PHONETICS OR
GENERAL LINGUISTICS TEXTBOOKS4 ,THE MOST
RECENT1 COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE WORK IN
PRINT IS ..,THE ,HANDBOOK OF THE
,INTERNATIONAL ,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIATION3
,A ,GUIDE TO THE ,USE OF THE
,INTERNATIONAL ,PHONETIC .,ALPHABET1
PUBLISHED IN #AIII BY ,CAMBRIDGE
,UNIVERSITY ,PRESS4
,THE MOST RECENT1 UP-TO-DATE1 P#BC
BRAILLE NOTATION OF THE ,,IPA B;XI
7,ENGLEBRETSON #BJJH7 WAS PRODUCED UNDER
THE AUSPICES OF THE ,INTERNATIONAL
,COUNCIL ON ,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE4 ,IT HAS
BEEN ADOPTED BY THE ,BRAILLE ,AUTHORITY
OF ,NORTH ,AMERICA1 AND HAS BEEN
APPROVED BY ,,ICEB FOR USE ALONGSIDE
,UNIFIED ,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE FOR THE
TRANSCRIPTION OF PHONETIC AND PHONEMIC
MATERIALS4 ,IT IS AVAILABLE ONLINE IN
BOTH ,,PDF AND ,,BRF FORMATS FROM
_+HTTP://WWW.ICEB.ORG/ICEBIPA.HTM_:4
,THE FIRST BRAILLE VOLUME CONTAINS A
GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW1 ALL
OF THE ,,IPA CHARTS PRESENTED IN TABULAR
FORMAT1 BASIC RULES FOR THE USE OF ,,IPA
,BRAILLE1 AND SEVERAL SAMPLE PASSAGES4
,THIS VOLUME ALSO CONTAINS AN INDEX
DESIGNED FOR BRAILLE TRANSCRIBERS1 WHICH
LISTS THE PRINT ,,IPA GLYPHS IN
PSEUDO-ALPHABETICAL ORDER ALONG WITH THE
CORRESPONDING BRAILLE SYMBOLS4 ,THE
SECOND BRAILLE VOLUME CONSISTS OF
SWELL-PAPER TACTILE ILLUSTRATIONS OF
EACH PRINT ,,IPA SYMBOL ALONG P#BD
WITH ITS BRAILLE EQUIVALENT4 C;XI
,,IPA ,BRAILLE IS SUMMARIZED IN A
JOURNAL ARTICLE TARGETING PROFESSIONAL
PHONETICIANS AND LINGUISTS
7,ENGLEBRETSON #BJJI74 ,THIS ARTICLE
PRESENTS A DETAILED HISTORY OF OTHER
BRAILLE NOTATIONS OF THE ,,IPA1 GIVES A
THOROUGH OVERVIEW OF THE STEPS AND
RATIONALE WHICH LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE CURRENT ,,IPA ,BRAILLE SYSTEM1
AND PRESENTS ALL OF THE ,,IPA ,BRAILLE
SYMBOLS IN CHART FORM FOR THE BENEFIT OF
SIGHTED PHONETICIANS AND TEACHERS WHO
WISH TO LEARN ,,IPA ,BRAILLE OR WHO ARE
CURRENTLY WORKING WITH BRAILLE-READING
STUDENTS4
,REFERENCES
,ENGLEBRETSON1 ,ROBERT 7ED474 #BJJH4
..,,IPA ,BRAILLE3 ,AN ,UPDATED
,TACTILE ,REPRESENTATION OF THE
,INTERNATIONAL ,PHONETIC .,ALPHABET1
#B VOLS4 ,TORONTO3 ,,CNIB4
_+HTTP://WWW.ICEB.ORG/ICEBIPA.HTM_:
,ENGLEBRETSON1 ,ROBERT4 #BJJI4 P#BE
8,AN OVERVIEW OF ,,IPA D;XI
,BRAILLE3 AN UPDATED TACTILE
REPRESENTATION OF THE ,INTERNATIONAL
,PHONETIC ,ALPHABET40 ..,JOURNAL OF
THE ,INTERNATIONAL ,PHONETIC
.,ASSOCIATION1 #CI3 #FG-HF4
------------------------------------;XII
,,IPA ,BRAILLE ,CHARTS 7,,IPA
,REVISED TO #BJJE7
,THE FOLLOWING CHARTS ORIGINALLY
APPEARED AS THE APPENDIX TO
,ENGLEBRETSON1 ,ROBERT4 #BJJI4 8,AN
OVERVIEW OF ,,IPA ,BRAILLE3 AN UPDATED
TACTILE REPRESENTATION OF THE
,INTERNATIONAL ,PHONETIC ,ALPHABET40
..,JOURNAL OF THE ,INTERNATIONAL
,PHONETIC .,ASSOCIATION1 #CI3 #FG-HF4
,THEY ARE REPRINTED HERE BY PERMISSION
OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ,INTERNATIONAL
,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIATION4
,',THE ,,IPA CHARTS ARE REVISED
FOR THE BRAILLE EDITION1 BASED ON
RECOMMENDATIONS FROM ,ROBERT
,ENGLEBRETSON4,' P#BF
,CONSONANTS 7,PULMONIC7 A;XII
P ,VOICELESS BILABIAL PLOSIVE
B ,VOICED BILABIAL PLOSIVE
T ,VOICELESS ALVEOLAR PLOSIVE
D ,VOICED ALVEOLAR PLOSIVE
4T ,VOICELESS RETROFLEX PLOSIVE
4D ,VOICED RETROFLEX PLOSIVE
C ,VOICELESS PALATAL PLOSIVE
9J ,VOICED PALATAL PLOSIVE
K ,VOICELESS VELAR PLOSIVE
G ,VOICED VELAR PLOSIVE
Q ,VOICELESS UVULAR PLOSIVE
9G ,VOICED UVULAR PLOSIVE
2 ,GLOTTAL PLOSIVE
M ,VOICED BILABIAL NASAL
6M ,VOICED LABIODENTAL NASAL
N ,VOICED ALVEOLAR NASAL
4N ,VOICED RETROFLEX NASAL
= ,VOICED PALATAL NASAL
$ ,VOICED VELAR NASAL
9N ,VOICED UVULAR NASAL
9B ,VOICED BILABIAL TRILL
R ,VOICED ALVEOLAR TRILL
9R ,VOICED UVULAR TRILL
6V ,LABIODENTAL FLAP P#BG
6R ,VOICED ALVEOLAR TAP B;XII
4R ,VOICED RETROFLEX FLAP
.F ,VOICELESS BILABIAL FRICATIVE
.B ,VOICED BILABIAL FRICATIVE
F ,VOICELESS LABIODENTAL FRICATIVE
V ,VOICED LABIODENTAL FRICATIVE
.? ,VOICELESS DENTAL FRICATIVE
] ,VOICED DENTAL FRICATIVE
S ,VOICELESS ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE
Z ,VOICED ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE
: ,VOICELESS POSTALVEOLAR FRICATIVE
! ,VOICED POSTALVEOLAR FRICATIVE
4S ,VOICELESS RETROFLEX FRICATIVE
4Z ,VOICED RETROFLEX FRICATIVE
6C ,VOICELESS PALATAL FRICATIVE
8J ,VOICED PALATAL FRICATIVE
X ,VOICELESS VELAR FRICATIVE
.G ,VOICED VELAR FRICATIVE
.& ,VOICELESS UVULAR FRICATIVE
9# ,VOICED UVULAR FRICATIVE
6H ,VOICELESS PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVE
62 ,VOICED PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVE OR
APPROXIMANT
H ,VOICELESS GLOTTAL FRICATIVE
8H ,VOICED GLOTTAL FRICATIVE P#BH
8L ,VOICELESS ALVEOLAR LATERAL C;XII
FRICATIVE
L"! ,VOICED ALVEOLAR LATERAL FRICATIVE
8V ,VOICED LABIODENTAL APPROXIMANT
# ,VOICED ALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT
4# ,VOICED RETROFLEX APPROXIMANT
J ,VOICED PALATAL APPROXIMANT
8M ,VOICED VELAR APPROXIMANT
L ,VOICED ALVEOLAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
4L ,VOICED RETROFLEX LATERAL APPROXIMANT
8Y ,VOICED PALATAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
9L ,VOICED VELAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
,CONSONANTS 7,NON-,PULMONIC7
&P ,BILABIAL ,CLICK
&? ,DENTAL ,CLICK
&T 7,POST7 ALVEOLAR ,CLICK
&: ,PALATOALVEOLAR ,CLICK
&L ,ALVEOLAR LATERAL ,CLICK
8B ,VOICED ,BILABIAL IMPLOSIVE
8D ,VOICED ,DENTAL_/ALVEOLAR IMPLOSIVE
89J ,VOICED ,PALATAL IMPLOSIVE
8G ,VOICED ,VELAR IMPLOSIVE
89G ,VOICED ,UVULAR IMPLOSIVE
P#BI
,EXAMPLES D;XII
P"' ,EJECTIVE BILABIAL PLOSIVE
T"' ,EJECTIVE DENTAL_/ALVEOLAR PLOSIVE
K"' ,EJECTIVE VELAR PLOSIVE
S"' ,EJECTIVE ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE
-----------------------------------;XIII
,OTHER ,SYMBOLS
6W ,VOICELESS LABIAL-VELAR FRICATIVE
W ,VOICED LABIAL-VELAR APPROXIMANT
4H ,VOICED LABIAL-PALATAL APPROXIMANT
9H ,VOICELESS EPIGLOTTAL FRICATIVE
92 ,VOICED EPIGLOTTAL FRICATIVE
82 ,EPIGLOTTAL PLOSIVE
8C ,VOICELESS ALVEOLO-PALATAL FRICATIVE
8Z ,VOICED ALVEOLO-PALATAL FRICATIVE
8# ,VOICED ALVEOLAR LATERAL FLAP
8$ ,SIMULTANEOUS VOICELESS POSTALVEOLAR
AND VELAR FRICATIVE
K"P T"S ,AFFRICATES AND DOUBLE
ARTICULATIONS CAN BE REPRESENTED BY
TWO SYMBOLS JOINED BY A TIE BAR IF
NECESSARY4
P#CJ
,VOWELS A;XIII
I ,CLOSE FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL
Y ,CLOSE FRONT ROUNDED VOWEL
0I ,CLOSE CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL
0U ,CLOSE CENTRAL ROUNDED VOWEL
6U ,CLOSE BACK UNROUNDED VOWEL
U ,CLOSE BACK ROUNDED VOWEL
/ ,NEAR-CLOSE NEAR-FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL
9Y ,NEAR-CLOSE NEAR-FRONT ROUNDED VOWEL
( ,NEAR-CLOSE NEAR-BACK ROUNDED VOWEL
E ,CLOSE-MID FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL
\ ,CLOSE-MID FRONT ROUNDED VOWEL
6E ,CLOSE-MID CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL
0O ,CLOSE-MID CENTRAL ROUNDED VOWEL
6O ,CLOSE-MID BACK UNROUNDED VOWEL
O ,CLOSE-MID BACK ROUNDED VOWEL
5 ,MID CENTRAL VOWEL
> ,OPEN-MID FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL
[ ,OPEN-MID FRONT ROUNDED VOWEL
6> ,OPEN-MID CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL
8> ,OPEN-MID CENTRAL ROUNDED VOWEL
+ ,OPEN-MID BACK UNROUNDED VOWEL
< ,OPEN-MID BACK ROUNDED VOWEL
% ,NEAR-OPEN FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL
6A ,NEAR-OPEN CENTRAL VOWEL P#CA
A ,OPEN FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL B;XIII
9[ ,OPEN FRONT ROUNDED VOWEL
* ,OPEN BACK UNROUNDED VOWEL
6* ,OPEN BACK ROUNDED VOWEL
------------------------------------;XIV
,DIACRITICS
,$ ,VOICELESS N,$ D,$
,8 ,VOICED S,8 T,8
@H ,ASPIRATED T@H D@H
,O ,MORE ROUNDED <,O
,[ ,LESS ROUNDED <,[
,+ ,ADVANCED U,+
,- ,RETRACTED E,-
@3 ,CENTRALIZED E@3
@X ,MID-CENTRALIZED E@X
,2 ,SYLLABIC N,2
,) ,NON-SYLLABIC E,)
"R ,RHOTICITY 5"R A"R
,3 ,BREATHY VOICED B,3 A,3
,] ,CREAKY VOICED B,] A,]
,& ,LINGUOLABIAL T,& D,&
@W ,LABIALIZED T@W D@W
@J ,PALATALIZED T@J D@J
@.G ,VELARIZED T@.G D@.G P#CB
@62 ,PHARYNGEALIZED T@62 D@62 A;XIV
"] ,VELARIZED OR PHARYNGEALIZED L"]
,> ,RAISED E,> 7#,> .K VOICED ALVEOLAR
FRICATIVE7
,< ,LOWERED E,< 7.B,< .K VOICED BILABIAL
APPROXIMANT7
,: ,ADVANCED ,TONGUE ,ROOT E,:
,S ,RETRACTED ,TONGUE ,ROOT E,S
,? ,DENTAL T,? D,?
,6? ,APICAL T,6? D,6?
,7 ,LAMINAL T,7 D,7
@] ,NASALIZED E@]
@N ,NASAL RELEASE D@N
@L ,LATERAL RELEASE D@L
@D ,NO AUDIBLE RELEASE D@D
-------------------------------------;XV
,SUPRASEGMENTALS
_B ,PRIMARY STRESS
_2 ,SECONDARY STRESS _2FO(N5_BT/:5N
3 ,LONG E3
"1 ,HALF-LONG E"1
@( ,EXTRA-SHORT E@(
_\ ,MINOR 7FOOT7 GROUP
_= ,MAJOR 7INTONATION7 GROUP P#CC
' ,SYLLABLE BREAK #I'%KT A;XV
_L ,LINKING 7ABSENCE OF A BREAK7
,TONES ,AND ,WORD ,ACCENTS
@,/ ,EXTRA HIGH LEVEL TONE
_@C ,EXTRA HIGH LEVEL TONE
@/ ,HIGH LEVEL TONE
_C ,HIGH LEVEL TONE
@C ,MID LEVEL TONE
_3 ,MID LEVEL TONE
@* ,LOW LEVEL TONE
_- ,LOW LEVEL TONE
@,* ,EXTRA LOW LEVEL TONE
_,- ,EXTRA LOW LEVEL TONE
_! ,DOWNSTEP
_$ ,UPSTEP
@8 ,RISING CONTOUR TONE
_/ ,RISING CONTOUR TONE
@% ,FALLING CONTOUR TONE
_* ,FALLING CONTOUR TONE
@I ,HIGH-RISING CONTOUR TONE
_I ,HIGH-RISING CONTOUR TONE
@9 ,LOW-RISING CONTOUR TONE
_9 ,LOW-RISING CONTOUR TONE
@4 ,RISING-FALLING CONTOUR TONE P#CD
_4 ,RISING-FALLING CONTOUR TONE B;XV
_D ,GLOBAL RISE
_0 ,GLOBAL FALL
P#CE
,INTRODUCTION TO ;XVI
,COUNTRY ,LISTINGS
..,WELCOME TO ,WORLD ,BRAILLE .,USAGE4
,THIS THIRD EDITION OF .,WORLD .,BRAILLE
.,USAGE HAS BEEN MADE POSSIBLE BY
HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE WHO USE AND PRODUCE
BRAILLE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD4 ,AS A
RESULT1 IT CAPTURES A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON
THE GLOBAL USE OF BRAILLE4 ,UNLIKE
PREVIOUS EDITIONS1 THIS ONE INCLUDES
LINKS TO ELECTRONIC MEDIA1 AND A DIGITAL
COPY CAN BE FOUND ONLINE ON THE ,PERKINS
WEBSITE3
_+WWW.PERKINS.ORG/WORLDBRAILLE_:4
,HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED3
_4 ,THE #ADB COUNTRIES REPRESENTED IN
THIS BOOK ARE LISTED IN ALPHABETICAL
ORDER4
_4 ,THIS BOOK INCLUDES #ACC LANGUAGES
THAT HAVE BEEN TRANSCRIBED INTO #ACG
DIFFERENT BRAILLE ALPHABET AND
PUNCTUATION CODES4 ,7,NEPALI1 ,TAMIL1
AND ,URDU ARE TRANSCRIBED IN P#CF
TWO COUNTRIES1 BUT EACH HAS A;XVI
DIFFERENT BRAILLE CODES1 AND THERE ARE
TWO CODES FOR ,GREEK7'
_4 ,IN COUNTRIES WHERE MULTIPLE
LANGUAGES HAVE BEEN TRANSCRIBED INTO
BRAILLE1 THE LANGUAGES ARE LISTED IN
ORDER OF PREDOMINANCE OF USE4
_4 ,THE BRAILLE ALPHABET AND PUNCTUATION
CODES FOR LANGUAGES THAT ARE USED IN A
SINGLE COUNTRY APPEAR ONLY ONCE1 ON
THE PAGE FOR THAT COUNTRY4
_4 ,THE BRAILLE ALPHABETS FOR LANGUAGES
THAT ARE USED IN TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES
ARE CROSS-REFERENCED ON COUNTRY PAGES1
E4G4 .,SPANISH .,ALPHABET3 SEE
.,SPANISH1 PAGE #BJA4 ,THESE ALPHABETS
AND PUNCTUATION CODES ARE CONTAINED IN
THE SECTION TITLED1 ..,BRAILLE
,ALPHABETS ,USED IN ,MULTIPLE
.,COUNTRIES1 WHICH FOLLOWS THE COUNTRY
PAGES4
_4 ,THE BRAILLE AND ALPHABET AND
PUNCTUATION CODE FOR ,ESPERANTO1 A
LANGUAGE THAT IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A
COUNTRY CAN BE FOUND IN P#CG
..,BRAILLE ,ALPHABETS ,USED IN B;XVI
,MULTIPLE .,COUNTRIES4
_4 ,THE ..,INDEX BY ,LANGUAGE .,NAME
CONTAINS THE NAMES ALL OF THE
LANGUAGES REPRESENTED IN THIS BOOK4
,THE MAJORITY OF THE DATA COLLECTED TO
CREATE THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK CAME
FROM TWO PRIMARY SOURCES3 A
QUESTIONNAIRE SENT TO REPRESENTATIVES OF
BRAILLE-RELATED ORGANIZATIONS IN #AIG
COUNTRIES BETWEEN ,APRIL #BJAB AND
,APRIL #BJAC2 AND THE #AIIJ EDITION OF
.,WORLD .,BRAILLE .,USAGE4
,ADDITIONALLY1 SOME OF THE DATA FOR THIS
BOOK WAS SOURCED WITH THE SUPPORT
PROVIDED BY ,DUXBURY ,SYSTEMS4
..,DATA SOURCED FROM THE
.QUESTIONNAIRE3 ,THE INFORMATION
PROVIDED BY THE VARIOUS PARTICIPATING
COUNTRIES MAY VARY4 ,ALTHOUGH EVERY
EFFORT WAS MADE TO ENSURE THAT THE
INFORMATION PRESENTED IN THIS BOOK WAS
VERIFIED AS CORRECT1 THE CONTENT OF THIS
BOOK IS BASED UPON THE P#CH
INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE C;XVI
RETURNED QUESTIONNAIRES AND FOLLOW-UP
COMMUNICATIONS PRIOR TO PUBLICATION4
,NOT ALL COUNTRIES WERE ABLE TO VERIFY
THEIR RESPECTIVE INFORMATION PRIOR TO
PUBLICATION4
..,DATA SOURCED FROM ,WORLD ,BRAILLE
,USAGE1 .#AIIJ3 ,A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES
THAT APPEARED IN THE #AIIJ EDITION DID
NOT RESPOND TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE DURING
THE INFORMATION DATA GATHERING PHASE4
,THE SOURCE OF INFORMATION GIVEN FOR
THESE COUNTRIES1 AND THE LANGUAGES THEY
USE1 IS CITED AS3 .,WORLD .,BRAILLE
.,USAGE1 #AIIJ4 ,A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES
THAT DIDN'T RESPOND WERE FORMALLY PART
OF THE ,SOVIET ,UNION OR ,YUGOSLAVIA1 OR
CHANGED NAMES1 AND THIS INFORMATION IS
ALSO INDICATED BY SOURCING .,WORLD
.,BRAILLE .,USAGE1 #AIIJ4
P#CI
D;XVI
P#DJ
,WORLD ,BRAILLE ,USAGE #A
,THIRD ,EDITION
,BRAILLE ,USAGE BY ,COUNTRY
,ALBANIA
,LANGUAGE3 ,ALBANIAN 7UNCONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,L',INSTITUT DES ,ENFANTS ,AVEUGLES
,BRAILLE ALPHABET WAS ADOPTED BY
,MINISTRIA OF ,EDUCATION OF THE
,REPUBLIC WITH THE ,COUNCIL OF
,MINISTERS IN #AIFC
_+WWW.MASH.GOV.AL_:
,BRAILLE ,CODE3
.,ALBANIAN .,BRAILLE .,CODE
,ALBANIAN ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,ALBANIAN1 PAGE #AFE
#A
,ALGERIA A#A
,LANGUAGE3 ,ARABIC 7UNCONTRACTED7
,SOURCE3
.,WORLD .,BRAILLE .,USAGE1 #AIIJ
,ARABIC ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE .,ARABIC1
PAGE #AFF
,ANDORRA
,LANGUAGE3 ,CATALAN 7UNCONTRACTED7
,CATALAN ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,CATALAN1 PAGE #AGB
--------------------------------------#B
,ANTIGUA AND ,BARBUDA
,LANGUAGE3 ,ENGLISH 7CONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,UNDER THE CARE OF3 ,CARIBBEAN ,COUNCIL
FOR THE ,BLIND #B
_+HTTP://WWW.EYECARECARIBBEAN._& A#B
COM_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,BRITISH ,BRAILLE ,A ,RESTATEMENT OF
,STANDARD ,ENGLISH .,BRAILLE1 #BJJD
..,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE1 ,AMERICAN
.,EDITION1 #AIID2 ,REVISED #BJJB
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
.,BRAILLE .,MATHEMATICS .,NOTATION1
#BJJE
..,NEMETH ,CODE FOR ,MATHEMATICS @&
,SCIENCE .,NOTATION1 #AIGB ,REVISION
,ENGLISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,ENGLISH1 PAGE #AGE
,ARGENTINA
,LANGUAGE3 ,SPANISH 7USUALLY
UNCONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BRAILLE ,COUNCIL #C
,7,COMISI@ON ,BRAILLE B#B
,LATINOAMERICANA7' 7,,CBL7
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BLIND ,UNION ,7,UNI@ON
,LATINOAMERICANA DE CIEGOS7' 7,,ULAC7
_+WWW.ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
_+_BRAILLE@ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
,CONSEJO ,IBEROAMERICANO DEL ,BRAILLE
7,,CIB7
_>ADTA@_<ONCE.ES_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,EL ,BRAILLE INTEGRAL Y LA
.ESTENOGRAF@IA1 #AIHG 7,LITERARY
,BRAILLE AND ,GRADE #B ,BRAILLE7
,MATHEMATICS ,NOTATION3
.,C@ODIGO .,MATEM@ATICO .,UNIFICADO1
#AIHH 7,UNIFIED ,MATHEMATICS ,CODE7
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
..,INTERNATIONAL ,MANUAL OF ,BRAILLE
,MUSIC .,NOTATION1 #AIIG
#D
,SPANISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE C#B
.,SPANISH1 PAGE #BJA
--------------------------------------#C
,ARMENIA
,LANGUAGES3 ,EASTERN ,ARMENIAN
7UNCONTRACTED71 ,WESTERN ,ARMENIAN
7UNCONTRACTED7
,SOURCE3
.,WORLD .,BRAILLE .,USAGE1 #AIIJ 7,UNION
OF ,SOVIET ,SOCIALIST ,REPUBLICS7
,ALPHABET3 ,EASTERN ,ARMENIAN
LETTER AYB3 7#A72 A
LETTER BEN3 7#AB72 B
LETTER GIM3 7#ABDE72 G
LETTER DA3 7#ADE72 D
LETTER ECH3 7#BDE72 J
LETTER ZA3 7#BCDF72 !
LETTER EH3 7#AE72 E
LETTER ET3 7#CD72 /
LETTER TO3 7#CDE72 >
LETTER ZHE3 7#BCDEF72 ) #E
LETTER INI3 7#BD72 I A#C
LETTER LIWN3 7#ABC72 L
LETTER XEH3 7#ADEF72 ?
LETTER CA3 7#AD72 C
LETTER KEN3 7#AC72 K
LETTER HO3 7#ABE72 H
LETTER JA3 7#ABF72 <
LETTER GHAD3 7#ABDEF72 ]
LETTER CHEH3 7#ADF72 %
LETTER MEN3 7#ACD72 M
LETTER YI3 7#ACDEF72 Y
LETTER NOW3 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER SHA3 7#AEF72 :
LETTER VO3 7#ABCF72 V
LETTER CHA3 7#ABCDE72 Q
LETTER PEH3 7#ABCD72 P
LETTER JHEH3 7#ACDF72 X
LETTER RA3 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER SEH3 7#BCD72 S
LETTER VEW3 7#BDEF72 W
LETTER TIWN3 7#BCDE72 T
LETTER REH3 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER CO3 7#ACEF72 Z
LETTER YIWN3 7#ACF72 U
LETTER PIWR3 7#ABCDF72 & #F
LETTER KEH3 7#CDF72 + B#C
LETTER OH3 7#ACE72 O
LETTER FEH3 7#ABD72 F
,ALPHABET3 ,WESTERN ,ARMENIAN
LETTER AYB3 7#A72 A
LETTER BEN3 7#ABCD72 P
LETTER GIM3 7#ABCDE72 Q
LETTER DA3 7#ADEF72 ?
LETTER ECH3 7#ACDEF72 Y
LETTER ZA3 7#ACEF72 Z
LETTER EH3 7#AE72 E
LETTER ET3 7#ACF72 U
LETTER TO3 7#BCDE72 T
LETTER ZHE3 7#CDE72 >
LETTER INI3 7#BD72 I
LETTER LIWN3 7#ABC72 L
LETTER XEH3 7#ACDF72 X
LETTER CA3 7#CD72 /
LETTER KEN3 7#ABDE72 G
LETTER HO3 7#ABE72 H
LETTER JA3 7#CDF72 +
LETTER GHAD3 7#ABF72 <
LETTER CHEH3 7#BDE72 J
LETTER MEN3 7#ACD72 M #G
LETTER YI3 7#AEF72 : C#C
LETTER NOW3 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER SHA3 7#ADF72 %
LETTER VO3 7#BDF72 [
LETTER CHA3 7#AF72 *
LETTER PEH3 7#AB72 B
LETTER JHEH3 7#AD72 C
LETTER RA3 7#ABDEF72 ]
LETTER SEH3 7#BCD72 S
LETTER VEW3 7#ABCF72 V
LETTER TIWN3 7#ADE72 D
LETTER REH3 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER CO3 7#BCDF72 !
LETTER YIWN3 7#BDEF72 W
LETTER PIWR3 7#ABDF72 $
LETTER KEH3 7#AC72 K
LETTER OH3 7#ACE72 O
LETTER FEH3 7#ABD72 F
--------------------------------------#D
,PUNCTUATION3 ,ARMENIAN ,LANGUAGES
COMMA 7,EASTERN73 7#BE72 3
COMMA 7,WESTERN73 7#F72 ,
SEMICOLON3 7#BC72 2
COLON3 7#BE72 3 #H
FULL STOP3 7#BEF72 4 A#D
QUESTION MARK 7,EASTERN73 7#BF72 5
QUESTION MARK 7,WESTERN73 7#BCF72 8
EXCLAMATION3 7#BCE72 6
APOSTROPHE3 7#C72 '
QUOTE3 7#BCF--#CEF72 8--0
HYPHEN3 7#CF72 -
CAPITAL3 7#DF72 .
NUMBER SIGN3 7#CDEF72 #
--------------------------------------#E
,AUSTRALIA
,LANGUAGE3 ,ENGLISH3 ,UNIFIED ,ENGLISH
,BRAILLE 7CONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,AUSTRALIAN ,BRAILLE ,AUTHORITY
C_/O ,ROUND ,TABLE ON ,INFORMATION
,ACCESS FOR ,PEOPLE WITH ,PRINT
,DISABILITIES ,INC4
_+HTTP://WWW.PRINTDISABILITY.ORG/ABA_:
,INTERNATIONAL ,COUNCIL ON ,ENGLISH
,BRAILLE 7,,ICEB7 #I
_+HTTP://WWW.ICEB.ORG/_: A#E
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,THE ,RULES OF ,UNIFIED ,ENGLISH
.,BRAILLE1 #BJAJ
..,THE ,UNIFIED ,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE
,PRIMER--,AUSTRALIAN .,EDITION1 #BJJH
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
..,THE ,RULES OF ,UNIFIED ,ENGLISH
.,BRAILLE1 #BJAJ
..,UNIFIED ,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE ,GUIDELINES
FOR ,TECHNICAL .,MATERIALS1 #BJJH
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
..,THE ,NEW ,INTERNATIONAL ,MANUAL OF
,BRAILLE ,MUSIC .,NOTATION1 #AIIF
..,INTRODUCTION TO ,BRAILLE ,MUSIC
.,TRANSCRIPTION1 ,SECOND ,EDITION
#BJJE
,,IPA ,BRAILLE3
..,AN ,UPDATED ,TACTILE ,REPRESENTATION
OF THE ,INTERNATIONAL ,PHONETIC
.,ALPHABET1 #BJJH #AJ
B#E
,ENGLISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,ENGLISH1 PAGE #AGE
--------------------------------------#F
,AUSTRIA
,LANGUAGE3 ,GERMAN 7CONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,BRAILLE ,AUTHORITY OF ,GERMAN ,SPEAKING
,COUNTRIES
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,DAS ,SYSTEM DER DEUTSCHEN
.,BLINDENSCHRIFT1 #BJJE
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
..,ANLEITUNG ZUR ,UMSETZUNG
MATHEMATISCHER .,FORMELN1 ,NOV4 #BJJA
..,NEUFASSUNG UND ,VERVOLLST@ANDIGUNG
DES ,SYSTEMS DER INTERNATIONALEN
,MATHEMATIKSCHRIFT F@UR .,BLINDE1
#AIHF 7..,MARBURGER ,SYSTEMATIKEN DER
.BLINDENSCHRIFT1 ,VOL4 #F7 #AA
,CHEMISTRY ,NOTATION3 A#F
..,DAS ,SYSTEM DER ,CHEMIESCHRIFT IN DER
DEUTSCHEN .,BLINDENSCHRIFT1 #BJJE1
,VOL4 #BC
,COMPUTER ,NOTATION3
..,MARBURGER ,SYSTEMATIKEN DER
.BLINDENSCHRIFT3 ,PHONETIC
TRANSCRIPTION 8,WELTLAUTSCHRIFT F@UR
,BLINDE10 #AICH1 #BJAJ
,EUROBRAILLE 7#H-DOT ,BRAILLE73 ,CODE
TABLES #DCG AND #HEJ OF ,,ISO ,,TR
#AAEDH1 ,PART #B
,CHESS ,NOTATION3
.,SCHACHSCHRIFT .F@UR .,BLINDE1 #BJJD1
,VOL4 #AE
,STENOGRAPHY
..,SYSTEM DER DEUTSCHEN
#F-,PUNKT-,STENOGRAFIE F@UR .,BLINDE1
#BJJB1 ,VOL4 #BA
,GERMAN ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE .,GERMAN1
PAGE #AHB #AB
,AZERBAIJAN #G
,LANGUAGE3 ,AZERBAIJANI 7UNCONTRACTED7
,SOURCE3
.,WORLD .,BRAILLE .,USAGE1 #AIIJ 7,UNION
OF ,SOVIET ,SOCIALIST ,REPUBLICS7
,ALPHABET3 ,AZERBAIJANI
LETTER A3 7#A72 A
LETTER B3 7#AB72 B
LETTER C3 7#AD72 C
LETTER C WITH CEDILLA3 7#AF72 *
LETTER D3 7#ADE72 D
LETTER E3 7#AE72 E
LETTER SCHWA 77A3 7#D1 #A72 @A
77A LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
REPLACED WITH SCHWA IN #AIIA
LETTER F3 7#ABD72 F
LETTER G3 7#ABDE72 G
LETTER G WITH BREVE3 7#ABF72 <
LETTER H3 7#ABE72 H
LETTER X3 7#ACDF72 X
LETTER DOTLESS I3 7#CE72 9
LETTER I3 7#BD72 I #AC
LETTER J3 7#BDE72 J A#G
LETTER K3 7#AC72 K
LETTER Q3 7#ABCDE72 Q
LETTER L3 7#ABC72 L
LETTER M3 7#ACD72 M
LETTER N3 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER O3 7#ACE72 O
LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS3 7#BDF72 [
LETTER P3 7#ABCD72 P
LETTER R3 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER S3 7#BCD72 S
LETTER S WITH CEDILLA3 7#ADF72 %
LETTER T3 7#BCDE72 T
LETTER U3 7#ACF72 U
LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS3 7#ABEF72 \
LETTER V3 7#ABCF72 V
LETTER Y3 7#ACDEF72 Y
LETTER Z3 7#ACEF72 Z
,PUNCTUATION
COMMA3 7#B72 1
SEMICOLON3 7#BC72 2
COLON3 7#BE72 3
PERIOD1 FULL STOP3 7#BEF72 4
QUESTION MARK3 7#BCF72 8 #AD
EXCLAMATION3 7#BCE72 6 B#G
QUOTE3 7#BCF--#CEF72 8--0
CAPITAL3 7#F72 ,
NUMBER SIGN3 7#CDEF72 #
--------------------------------------#H
,BAHAMAS
,LANGUAGE3 ,ENGLISH 7CONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,UNDER THE CARE OF3 ,CARIBBEAN ,COUNCIL
FOR THE ,BLIND
_+HTTP://WWW.EYECARECARIBBEAN.COM_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,BRITISH ,BRAILLE ,A ,RESTATEMENT OF
,STANDARD ,ENGLISH .,BRAILLE1 #BJJD
..,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE1 ,AMERICAN
.,EDITION1 #AIID2 ,REVISED #BJJB
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
.,BRAILLE .,MATHEMATICS .,NOTATION1
#BJJE
..,NEMETH ,CODE FOR ,MATHEMATICS #AE
@& ,SCIENCE .,NOTATION1 #AIGB A#H
,REVISION
,ENGLISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,ENGLISH1 PAGE #AGE
,BAHRAIN1 ,KINGDOM OF
,LANGUAGES3 ,ARABIC 7UNCONTRACTED71
,ENGLISH 7UNCONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,THE ,SAUDI-,BAHRAINI ,INSTITUTE FOR THE
,BLIND
_+WWW.BLINDINSTITUTE.ORG_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
,ENGLISH3 ..,BRITISH ,BRAILLE3 ,A
,RESTATEMENT OF ,STANDARD ,ENGLISH
,BRAILLE .#D1 #BJJD
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
,ENGLISH3 .,BRAILLE .,MATHEMATICS
.,NOTATION1 #BJJE
#AF
,COMPUTER ,NOTATION3 B#H
,ENGLISH3 .,BRAILLE .,COMPUTER
.,NOTATION1 #BJJF
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
..,NEW ,INTERNATIONAL ,MANUAL OF
,BRAILLE ,MUSIC .,NOTATION1 #AIIF
7MODIFIED FOR ,ARAB MUSIC ICONS7
,ARABIC ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE .,ARABIC1
PAGE #AFF
,ENGLISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,ENGLISH1 PAGE #AGE
--------------------------------------#I
,BANGLADESH
,LANGUAGE3 ,BANGLA 7UNCONTRACTED7
,ALPHABET3 ,BANGLA1 ,INDEPENDENT
,VOWELS
LETTER A3 7#A72 A
LETTER AA3 7#CDE72 >
LETTER I3 7#BD72 I
LETTER II3 7#CE72 9 #AG
LETTER U3 7#ACF72 U A#I
LETTER UU3 7#ABEF72 \
LETTER VOCALIC R3 7#E1 #ABCE72 "R
LETTER E3 7#AE72 E
LETTER AI3 7#CD72 /
LETTER O3 7#ACE72 O
LETTER AU3 7#BDF72 [
,CONSONANTS
LETTER KA3 7#AC72 K
LETTER KHA3 7#ACDF72 X
LETTER GA3 7#ABDE72 G
LETTER GHA3 7#ABF72 <
LETTER NGA3 7#CDF72 +
LETTER CA3 7#AD72 C
LETTER CHA3 7#AF72 *
LETTER JA3 7#BDE72 J
LETTER JHA3 7#ACEF72 Z
LETTER NYA3 7#BE72 3
LETTER TTA3 7#BCDEF72 )
LETTER TTHA3 7#BDEF72 W
LETTER DDA3 7#ABDF72 $
LETTER DDHA3 7#ABCDEF72 =
LETTER NNA3 7#CDEF72 #
LETTER TA3 7#BCDE72 T #AH
LETTER THA3 7#ADEF72 ? B#I
LETTER DA3 7#ADE72 D
LETTER DHA3 7#BCDF72 !
LETTER NA3 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER PA3 7#ABCD72 P
LETTER PHA3 7#ABD72 F
LETTER BA3 7#AB72 B
LETTER BHA3 7#ABCF72 V
LETTER MA3 7#ACD72 M
LETTER YA3 7#ACDEF72 Y
LETTER RA3 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER LA3 7#ABC72 L
LETTER SHA3 7#ADF72 %
LETTER SSA3 7#ABCDF72 &
LETTER SA3 7#BCD72 S
LETTER HA3 7#ABE72 H
LETTER RRA3 7#ABDEF72 ]
LETTER RHA3 7#ABCEF72 (
LETTER YYA3 7#BF72 5
LETTER KHANDA TA3 7#E1 #BCDE72 "T
LETTER KA1 SIGN VIRAMA1 LETTER SSA3
7#ABCDE72 Q
LETTER JA1 SIGN VIRAMA1 LETTER NYA3
7#AEF72 :
#AI
,SPECIAL ,CHARACTERS #AJ
SIGN ANUSVARA3 7#EF72 ;
SIGN VISARGA3 7#F72 ,
SIGN CANDRABINDU3 7#C72 '
,NUMBERS
DIGIT #A3 7#CDEF1 #A72 #A
DIGIT #B3 7#CDEF1 #AB72 #B
DIGIT #C3 7#CDEF1 #AD72 #C
DIGIT #D3 7#CDEF1 #ADE72 #D
DIGIT #E3 7#CDEF1 #AE72 #E
DIGIT #F3 7#CDEF1 #ABD72 #F
DIGIT #G3 7#CDEF1 #ABDE72 #G
DIGIT #H3 7#CDEF1 #ABE72 #H
DIGIT #I3 7#CDEF1 #BD72 #I
DIGIT #J3 7#CDEF1 #BDE72 #J
,PUNCTUATION
COMMA3 7#B72 1
SEMICOLON3 7#BC72 2
COLON3 7#BE72 3
PERIOD1 FULL STOP3 7#BEF72 4
QUESTION MARK3 7#BCF72 8
EXCLAMATION3 7#BCE72 6
QUOTE3 7#BCF--#CEF72 8--0 #BJ
SINGLE QUOTE3 7#F1 #BCF--#CEF1 A#AJ
#C72 ,8--0'
PARENTHESES3 7#BCEF--#BCEF72 7--7
BRACKETS3 7#F1 #BCEF--#BCEF1 #C72 ,7--7'
HYPHEN3 7#CF72 -
DASH3 7#CF1 #CF72 --
SLASH3 7#DEF1 #CD72 _/
ASTERISK3 7#CE1 #CE72 99
NUMBER SIGN3 7#CDEF72 #
-------------------------------------#AA
,BARBADOS
,LANGUAGE3 ,ENGLISH 7CONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,UNDER THE CARE OF3 ,CARIBBEAN ,COUNCIL
FOR THE ,BLIND
_+HTTP://WWW.EYECARECARIBBEAN.COM_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,BRITISH ,BRAILLE ,A ,RESTATEMENT OF
,STANDARD ,ENGLISH .,BRAILLE1 #BJJD
..,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE1 ,AMERICAN
.,EDITION1 #AIID2 ,REVISED #BJJB #BA
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE A#AA
,NOTATION3
.,BRAILLE .,MATHEMATICS .,NOTATION1
#BJJE
..,NEMETH ,CODE FOR ,MATHEMATICS @&
,SCIENCE .,NOTATION1 #AIGB ,REVISION
,ENGLISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,ENGLISH1 PAGE #AGE
-------------------------------------#AB
,BELARUS
,LANGUAGE3 ,BELARUSIAN 7UNCONTRACTED7
,SOURCE3
.,WORLD .,BRAILLE .,USAGE1 #AIIJ 7,UNION
OF ,SOVIET ,SOCIALIST ,REPUBLICS7
,ALPHABET3 ,BELARUSIAN
LETTER A3 7#A72 A
LETTER BE3 7#AB72 B
LETTER VE3 7#BDEF72 W
LETTER GHE3 7#ABDE72 G
LETTER DE3 7#ADE72 D #BB
LETTER IE3 7#AE72 E A#AB
LETTER IO3 7#AF72 *
LETTER ZHE3 7#BDE72 J
LETTER ZE3 7#ACEF72 Z
LETTER I3 7#ACDEF72 Y
LETTER SHORT I3 7#ABCDF72 &
LETTER KA3 7#AC72 K
LETTER EL3 7#ABC72 L
LETTER EM3 7#ACD72 M
LETTER EN3 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER O3 7#ACE72 O
LETTER PE3 7#ABCD72 P
LETTER ER3 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER ES3 7#BCD72 S
LETTER TE3 7#BCDE72 T
LETTER U3 7#ACF72 U
LETTER SHORT U3 7#CDF72 +
LETTER EF3 7#ABD72 F
LETTER HA3 7#ABE72 H
LETTER TSE3 7#AD72 C
LETTER CHE3 7#ABCDE72 Q
LETTER SHA3 7#AEF72 :
LETTER YERU3 7#BCDF72 !
LETTER SOFT SIGN3 7#BCDEF72 )
LETTER E3 7#BDF72 [ #BC
LETTER YU3 7#ABEF72 \ B#AB
LETTER YA3 7#ABDF72 $
,PUNCTUATION
COMMA3 7#B72 1
SEMICOLON3 7#BC72 2
COLON3 7#BE72 3
PERIOD1 FULL STOP3 7#BEF72 4
QUESTION MARK3 7#BF72 5
EXCLAMATION3 7#BCE72 6
QUOTE3 7#BCF--#CEF72 8--0
PARENTHESES3 7#BCEF--#BCEF72 7--7
HYPHEN3 7#CF72 -
CAPITAL3 7#DF72 .
NUMBER SIGN3 7#CDEF72 #
ITALICS3 7#DEF72 _
#BD
,BELGIUM #AC
,LANGUAGES3 ,DUTCH 7UNCONTRACTED71
,FRENCH 7UNCONTRACTED71 ,GERMAN
7CONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,DE ,FEDERATIE ,SLECHTZIENDEN EN
,BLINDENBELANG
,BELGISCHE ,CONFEDERATIE VOOR ,BLINDEN
EN ,SLECHTZIENDEN
_+HTTP://WWW.PHK.BE/_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
,DUTCH3 ..,BRAILLESTANDAARD VOOR
ALGEMEEN GEBRUIK IN HET ,NEDERLANDSE
.TAALGEBIED1 #BJJE
,FRENCH3 ..,CODE BRAILLE FRAN@CAIS
UNIFORMISE POUR LA TRANSCRIPTION DES
TEXTES .IMPRIMES 7,,CBFU71 #BJJH
,GERMAN3 ..,DAS ,SYSTEM DER DEUTSCHEN
.,BLINDENSCHRIFT1 #BJJE
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
,FRENCH3 .,NOTATION #BE
.,MATH@EMATIQUE .,BRAILLE1 #AST A#AC
EDITION1 ,JANUARY #BJJG2 ..,NOTATION
,BRAILLE DANS LE ,DOMAINE DE LA
.,CHIMIE1 #AST EDITION1 ,JUNE #BJJH
,GERMAN3 .,MATHEMATIKSCHRIFT .F@UR
.,BLINDE 7#BJJJ1 INTERNAL ,HANDBOOK OF
THE ,SWISS ,LIBRARY FOR ,BLIND1
,VISUALLY-,IMPAIRED AND
,PRINT-,DISABLED72 ..,NEUFASSUNG UND
,VERVOLLST@ANDIGUNG DES ,SYSTEMS DER
INTERNATIONALEN ,MATHEMATIKSCHRIFT
F@UR .,BLINDE1 #AIHF 7BRAILLE7 AND
#AIIB 7PRINT7
,CHEMISTRY ,NOTATION3
,GERMAN3 ..,DAS ,SYSTEM DER
,CHEMIESCHRIFT IN DER DEUTSCHEN
.,BLINDENSCHRIFT1 #BJJE
,COMPUTER ,NOTATION3
,FRENCH3 ..,TABLE ,BRAILLE ,INFORMATIQUE
.,FRAN@CAISE 7,,TBFR#BJJG71 #AST
EDITION1 ,OCTOBER #BJJG
,GERMAN3 ,EUROBRAILLE1 ,,DIN #CBIHB
78#H-,PUNKT-,BRAILLESCHRIFT F@UR #BF
DIE ,INFORMATIONSVERARBEITUNG0_ B#AC
/8,INFORMATION PROCESSING
#H-DOT-,BRAILLE GRAPHIC CHARACTERS07
7#AIID72 AND IN ,,ISO ,TECHNICAL
,REPORT #AAEDH-B 7#BJJA72
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
,FRENCH3 ..,NOUVEAU ,MANUEL
,INTERNATIONAL DE ,NOTATION ,MUSICALE
.,BRAILLE1 #AIIF
,GERMAN3 ..,NEW ,INTERNATIONAL ,MANUAL
OF ,BRAILLE ,MUSIC .,NOTATION1 #AIIF
,DUTCH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE .,DUTCH1
PAGE #AGD
,FRENCH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE .,FRENCH1
PAGE #AHJ
,GERMAN ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE .,GERMAN1
PAGE #AHB
#BG
,BHUTAN #AD
,LANGUAGES3 ,ENGLISH 7,,BANA1
CONTRACTED71 ,DZONGKHA 7UNCONTRACTED7
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE1 ,AMERICAN
.,EDITION1 #AIID2 ,REVISED #BJJB
.,DZONGKHA .,BRAILLE .,CODE
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
..,NEMETH ,CODE FOR ,MATHEMATICS @&
,SCIENCE .,NOTATION1 #AIGB ,REVISION
,ENGLISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,ENGLISH1 PAGE #AGE
,ALPHABET3 ,DZONGKHA1 ,CONSONANTS
LETTER KA3 7#AC72 K
LETTER KHA3 7#ABF72 <
LETTER GA3 7#ABDE72 G
LETTER NGA3 7#CDF72 +
LETTER CA3 7#AD72 C
LETTER CHA3 7#AF72 *
LETTER JA3 7#BDE72 J #BH
LETTER NYA3 7#ABCF72 V A#AD
LETTER TA3 7#BCDE72 T
LETTER TTHA3 7#E1 #ADEF72 "?
LETTER DA3 7#BCDF72 !
LETTER NA3 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER PA3 7#ABCD72 P
LETTER PHA3 7#ABD72 F
LETTER BA3 7#AB72 B
LETTER MA3 7#ACD72 M
LETTER TSA3 7#CD72 /
LETTER TSHA3 7#ABDEF72 ]
LETTER DZA3 7#ACEF72 Z
LETTER WA3 7#BDEF72 W
LETTER ZHA3 7#ABCDE72 Q
LETTER ZA3 7#ACDF72 X
LETTER -A3 7#AEF72 :
LETTER YA3 7#ACDEF72 Y
LETTER RA3 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER LA3 7#ABC72 L
LETTER SHA3 7#ADF72 %
LETTER SA3 7#BCD72 S
LETTER HA3 7#ABE72 H
LETTER A3 7#A72 A
#BI
,CONSONANTS FOR ,FOREIGN B#AD
,WORDS
LETTER TTA3 7#E1 #BCDE72 "T
LETTER TTHA3 7#E1 #ADEF72 "?
LETTER DDA3 7#E1 #BCDF72 "!
LETTER NNA3 7#E1 #ACDE72 "N
LETTER SSA3 7#E1 #ADF72 "%
LETTER KSSA3 7#AC1 #DE1 #E1 #ADF72 K^"%
,VOWELS
VOWEL SIGN I3 7#BD72 I
VOWEL SIGN U3 7#ACF72 U
VOWEL SIGN E3 7#AE72 E
VOWEL SIGN O3 7#ACE72 O
,SPECIAL ,CHARACTERS
SIGN RNAM BCAD3 7#DEF1 #BDF72 _[
SIGN SNA LDAN3 7#EF1 #ABEF72 ;\
MARK INTERSYLLABIC TSHEG3 7#B72 1
MARK SHAD3 7#DEF72 _
MARK NYIS SHAD3 7#BC1 #BC72 22
#CJ
,NUMBERS #AE
DIGIT #A3 7#CDEF1 #A72 #A
DIGIT #B3 7#CDEF1 #AB72 #B
DIGIT #C3 7#CDEF1 #AD72 #C
DIGIT #D3 7#CDEF1 #ADE72 #D
DIGIT #E3 7#CDEF1 #AE72 #E
DIGIT #F3 7#CDEF1 #ABD72 #F
DIGIT #G3 7#CDEF1 #ABDE72 #G
DIGIT #H3 7#CDEF1 #ABE72 #H
DIGIT #I3 7#CDEF1 #BD72 #I
DIGIT #J3 7#CDEF1 #BDE72 #J
,PUNCTUATION
COMMA3 7#B72 1
SEMICOLON3 7#BC72 2
COLON3 7#BE72 3
PERIOD1 FULL STOP3 7#E1 #CE1 #BCD72 "9S
QUESTION MARK3 7#F1 #BCF72 ,8
EXCLAMATION3 7#F1 #BCE72 ,6
QUOTE3 7#BCF--#CEF72 8--0
PARENTHESES3 7#ABCEF--#BCDEF72 (--)
BRACKETS3 7#D1 #ABCEF--#D1 #BCDEF72
@(--@)
BRACES3 7#DF1 #ABCEF--#DF1 #BCDEF72
.(--.) #CA
ELLIPSIS3 7#C1 #C1 #C72 ''' A#AE
HYPHEN3 7#CF72 -
SLASH3 7#DEF1 #CD72 _/
ASTERISK3 7#DF1 #CE72 .9
NUMBER SIGN3 7#CDEF72 #
-------------------------------------#AF
,BOLIVIA
,LANGUAGE3 ,SPANISH 7USUALLY
UNCONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BRAILLE ,COUNCIL
,7,COMISI@ON ,BRAILLE
,LATINOAMERICANA7' 7,,CBL7
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BLIND ,UNION ,7,UNI@ON
,LATINOAMERICANA DE CIEGOS7' 7,,ULAC7
_+WWW.ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
_+_BRAILLE@ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
,CONSEJO ,IBEROAMERICANO DEL ,BRAILLE
7,,CIB7
_>ADTA@_<ONCE.ES_:
#CB
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3 A#AF
..,EL ,BRAILLE INTEGRAL Y LA
.ESTENOGRAF@IA1 #AIHG 7,LITERARY
,BRAILLE AND ,GRADE #B ,BRAILLE7
,MATHEMATICS ,NOTATION3
.,C@ODIGO .,MATEM@ATICO .,UNIFICADO1
#AIHH 7,UNIFIED ,MATHEMATICS ,CODE7
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
..,INTERNATIONAL ,MANUAL OF ,BRAILLE
,MUSIC .,NOTATION1 #AIIG
,SPANISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,SPANISH1 PAGE #BJA
,BOSNIA AND ,HERZEGOVINA
,LANGUAGE3 ,BOSNIAN 7UNCONTRACTED7
,SOURCE3
.,WORLD .,BRAILLE .,USAGE1 #AIIJ
7,YUGOSLAVIA7
#CC
,ALPHABET3 ,BOSNIAN B#AF
,',COLUMNS FOLLOW ONE ANOTHER IN
THIS ORDER3
,LATIN DESCRIPTION3 ,CYRILLIC
DESCRIPTION2 7DOT NUMBERS72 BRAILLE,'
LETTER A3 LETTER A2 7#A72 A
LETTER B3 LETTER BE2 7#AB72 B
LETTER C3 LETTER TSE2 7#AD72 C
LETTER C WITH CARON3 LETTER CHE2
7#AF72 *
LETTER C WITH ACUTE3 LETTER TSHE2
7#ADF72 %
LETTER D3 LETTER DE2 7#ADE72 D
LETTER D1 LETTER Z WITH CARON3 LETTER
DZHE2 7#ABDEF72 ]
LETTER D WITH STROKE3 LETTER DJE2
7#ADEF72 ?
LETTER E3 LETTER IE2 7#AE72 E
LETTER F3 LETTER EF2 7#ABD72 F
LETTER G3 LETTER GHE2 7#ABDE72 G
LETTER H3 LETTER HA2 7#ABE72 H
LETTER I3 LETTER I2 7#BD72 I
LETTER J3 LETTER JE2 7#BDE72 J #CD
LETTER K3 LETTER KA2 7#AC72 K C#AF
LETTER L3 LETTER EL2 7#ABC72 L
LETTER LJ3 LETTER LJE2 7#ABF72 <
LETTER M3 LETTER EM2 7#ACD72 M
LETTER N3 LETTER EN2 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER NJ3 LETTER NJE2 7#ABDF72 $
LETTER O3 LETTER O2 7#ACE72 O
LETTER P3 LETTER PE2 7#ABCD72 P
LETTER R3 LETTER ER2 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER S3 LETTER ES2 7#BCD72 S
LETTER S WITH CARON3 LETTER SHA2
7#AEF72 :
LETTER T3 LETTER TE2 7#BCDE72 T
LETTER U3 LETTER U2 7#ACF72 U
LETTER V3 LETTER VE2 7#ABCF72 V
LETTER Z3 LETTER ZE2 7#ACEF72 Z
LETTER Z WITH CARON3 LETTER ZHE2
7#BCDF72 !
#CE
,BRAZIL #AG
,LANGUAGE3 ,PORTUGUESE 7USUALLY
UNCONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BRAILLE ,COUNCIL
,7,COMISI@ON ,BRAILLE
,LATINOAMERICANA7' 7,,CBL7
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BLIND ,UNION ,7,UNI@ON
,LATINOAMERICANA DE CIEGOS7' 7,,ULAC7
_+WWW.ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
_+_BRAILLE@ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
,CONSEJO ,IBEROAMERICANO DEL ,BRAILLE
7,,CIB7
_>ADTA@_<ONCE.ES_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,GRAFIA ,BRAILLE PARA ,LINGUA
.,PORTUGUESA1 #BJJC 7,BRAILLE ,WRITING
FOR THE ,PORTUGUESE ,LANGUAGE7
..,ESTENOGRAFIA ,BRAILLE ,PARA ,L@INGUA
.,PORTUGUESA 7,GRADE #B72
..,NORMAS ,T@ECNICAS PARA A #CF
,PRODU@C@AO DE ,TEXTOS EM A#AG
.,BRAILLE1 #BJJC 7,STANDARDS FOR THE
,PRODUCTION OF ,BRAILLE TEXTS7
,MATHEMATICS ,NOTATION3
.,C@ODIGO .,MATEM@ATICO .,UNIFICADO1
#AIIG
,CHEMISTRY ,NOTATION3
.,GRAFIA .,QUIMICA .,BRAILLE1 #BJAJ
,COMPUTER ,NOTATION3
..,GRAFIA ,BRAILLE PARA .,INFORM@ATICA1
#BJJF 7,BRAILLE ,WRITING FOR
,COMPUTING7
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
..,INTERNATIONAL ,MANUAL OF ,BRAILLE
,MUSIC .,NOTATION 7,PORTUGUESE
TRANSLATION1 #BJJG7
,PORTUGUESE ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,PORTUGUESE1 PAGE #AIG
#CG
,BULGARIA #AH
,LANGUAGE3 ,BULGARIAN 7UNCONTRACTED7
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
.,BULGARIAN .,BRAILLE1 #BJJD
,MATHEMATICS ,NOTATION3
,RUSSIAN MATH SYSTEM
,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
,LATIN LETTERS FOR PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
7FORMULAS7
,COMPUTER ,NOTATION3
,PARTIALLY ,RUSSIAN COMPUTER BRAILLE AND
SOME ,BULGARIAN LETTERS
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
,MARBURG
,ALPHABET3 ,BULGARIAN
LETTER A3 7#A72 A
LETTER BE3 7#AB72 B
LETTER VE3 7#BDEF72 W #CH
LETTER GHE3 7#ABDE72 G A#AH
LETTER DE3 7#ADE72 D
LETTER IE3 7#AE72 E
LETTER ZHE3 7#BDE72 J
LETTER ZE3 7#ACEF72 Z
LETTER I3 7#BD72 I
LETTER SHORT I3 7#ACDEF72 Y
LETTER KA3 7#AC72 K
LETTER EL3 7#ABC72 L
LETTER EM3 7#ACD72 M
LETTER EN3 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER O3 7#ACE72 O
LETTER PE3 7#ABCD72 P
LETTER ER3 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER ES3 7#BCD72 S
LETTER TE3 7#BCDE72 T
LETTER U3 7#ACF72 U
LETTER EF3 7#ABD72 F
LETTER HA3 7#ABE72 H
LETTER TSE3 7#AD72 C
LETTER CHE3 7#ABCDE72 Q
LETTER SHA3 7#AEF72 :
LETTER SHCHA3 7#ACDF72 X
LETTER HARD SIGN3 7#ABCEF72 (
LETTER SOFT SIGN3 7#BCDEF72 ) #CI
LETTER YU3 7#ABEF72 \ B#AH
LETTER YA3 7#ABDF72 $
,PUNCTUATION
COMMA3 7#B72 1
SEMICOLON3 7#BC72 2
COLON3 7#BE72 3
PERIOD1 FULL STOP3 7#BEF72 4
QUESTION MARK3 7#BF72 5
EXCLAMATION3 7#BCE72 6
QUOTE3 7#BCF--#CEF72 8--0
PARENTHESES3 7#BCEF--#BCEF72 7--7
CAPITAL3 7#DF72 .
NUMBER SIGN3 7#CDEF72 #
-------------------------------------#AI
,CAMBODIA
,LANGUAGE3 ,KHMER 7UNCONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,KROUSAR ,THMEY ,CAMBODIA
_+WWW.KROUSAR-THMEY.ORG_:
#DJ
,BRAILLE ,CODE3 A#AI
.,BRAILLE .,KHMER1 #BJAB
,ALPHABET3 ,KHMER
LETTER KA3 7#ABDE72 G
LETTER KHA3 7#AC72 K
LETTER KO3 7#F1 #ABDE72 ,G
LETTER KHO3 7#F1 #AC72 ,K
LETTER NGO3 7#ABDEF72 ]
LETTER CA3 7#BDE72 J
LETTER CHA3 7#CDF72 +
LETTER CO3 7#F1 #BDE72 ,J
LETTER CHO3 7#F1 #CDF72 ,+
LETTER NYO3 7#F1 #ADEF72 ,?
LETTER DA3 7#ADE72 D
LETTER TTHA3 7#CF1 #BCDEF72 -)
LETTER DO3 7#F1 #ADE72 ,D
LETTER TTHO3 7#CEF1 #BCDEF72 0)
LETTER NNO3 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER TA3 7#BCDE72 T
LETTER THA3 7#BCDEF72 )
LETTER TO3 7#F1 #BCDE72 ,T
LETTER THO3 7#F1 #BCDEF72 ,)
LETTER NO3 7#F1 #ACDE72 ,N
LETTER BA3 7#AB72 B #DA
LETTER PHA3 7#ABCD72 P B#AI
LETTER PO3 7#ABCDF72 &
LETTER PHO3 7#F1 #ABCD72 ,P
LETTER MO3 7#ACD72 M
LETTER YO3 7#F1 #ACDEF72 ,Y
LETTER RO3 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER LO3 7#F1 #ABC72 ,L
LETTER VO3 7#BDEF72 W
LETTER SA3 7#BCD72 S
LETTER HA3 7#ABE72 H
LETTER LA3 7#ABC72 L
LETTER QA3 7#ACE72 O
-------------------------------------#BJ
,CONSONANT ,LEGS
,EACH CONSONANT HAS ITS LEG1 EXCEPT
LETTER HA AND LETTER QA
SIGN COENG1 LETTER KA3 7#ABCF1 #ABDE72
VG
SIGN COENG1 LETTER KHA3 7#ABCF1 #AC72 VK
SIGN COENG1 LETTER KO3 7#ABCF1 #F1
#ABDE72 V,G
SIGN COENG1 LETTER KHO3 7#ABCF1 #F1
#AC72 V,K #DB
SIGN COENG1 LETTER NGO3 7#ABCF1 A#BJ
#ABDEF72 V]
SIGN COENG1 LETTER CA3 7#ABCF1 #BDE72 VJ
SIGN COENG1 LETTER CHA3 7#ABCF1 #CDF72
V+
SIGN COENG1 LETTER CO3 7#ABCF1 #F1
#BDE72 V,J
SIGN COENG1 LETTER CHO3 7#ABCF1 #F1
#CDF72 V,+
SIGN COENG1 LETTER NYO3 7#ABCF1 #F1
#ADEF72 V,?
SIGN COENG1 LETTER DA3 7#ABCF1 #ADE72 VD
SIGN COENG1 LETTER TTHA3 7#ABCF1 #CF1
#BCDEF72 V-)
SIGN COENG1 LETTER DO3 7#ABCF1 #F1
#ADE72 V,D
SIGN COENG1 LETTER TTHO3 7#ABCF1 #CEF1
#BCDEF72 V0)
SIGN COENG1 LETTER NNO3 7#ABCF1 #ACDE72
VN
SIGN COENG1 LETTER TA3 7#ABCF1 #BCDE72
VT
SIGN COENG1 LETTER THA3 7#ABCF1 #BCDEF72
V)
#DC
SIGN COENG1 LETTER TO3 7#ABCF1 B#BJ
#F1 #BCDE72 V,T
SIGN COENG1 LETTER THO3 7#ABCF1 #F1
#BCDEF72 V,)
SIGN COENG1 LETTER NO3 7#ABCF1 #F1
#ACDE72 V,N
SIGN COENG1 LETTER BA3 7#ABCF1 #AB72 VB
SIGN COENG1 LETTER PHA3 7#ABCF1 #ABCD72
VP
SIGN COENG1 LETTER PO3 7#ABCF1 #ABCDF72
V&
SIGN COENG1 LETTER PHO3 7#ABCF1 #F1
#ABCD72 V,P
SIGN COENG1 LETTER MO3 7#ABCF1 #ACD72 VM
SIGN COENG1 LETTER YO3 7#ABCF1 #F1
#ACDEF72 V,Y
SIGN COENG1 LETTER RO3 7#ABCF1 #ABCE72
VR
SIGN COENG1 LETTER LO3 7#ABCF1 #F1
#ABC72 V,L
SIGN COENG1 LETTER VO3 7#ABCF1 #BDEF72
VW
SIGN COENG1 LETTER SA3 7#ABCF1 #BCD72 VS
#DD
,NO ,LEGS C#BJ
SIGN COENG1 LETTER HA3 7#ABCF1 #ABE72 VH
SIGN COENG1 LETTER QA3 7#ABCF1 #ACE72 VO
,VOWELS
VOWEL SIGN AA3 7#AF72 *
VOWEL SIGN I3 7#CD72 /
VOWEL SIGN II3 7#AE72 E
VOWEL SIGN Y3 7#BDF72 [
VOWEL SIGN YY3 7#BF72 5
VOWEL SIGN U3 7#AD72 C
VOWEL SIGN UU3 7#BE72 3
VOWEL SIGN UA3 7#BC72 2
VOWEL SIGN OE3 7#ADF72 %
VOWEL SIGN YA3 7#ABCDE72 Q
VOWEL SIGN IE3 7#ABCEF72 (
VOWEL SIGN E3 7#ABD72 F
VOWEL SIGN AE3 7#ABF72 <
VOWEL SIGN AI3 7#BD72 I
VOWEL SIGN OO3 7#AEF72 :
VOWEL SIGN AU3 7#DEF72 _
VOWEL SIGN U1 SIGN NIKAHIT3 7#ABDF72 $
SIGN NIKAHIT3 7#ACDEF72 Y
VOWEL SIGN AA1 SIGN NIKAHIT3 7#ACEF72 Z
SIGN REAHMUK3 7#A72 A #DE
,ADDITIONAL ,VOWELS #BA
VOWEL SIGN U1 SIGN REAHMUK3 7#ACDF72 X
VOWEL SIGN E1 SIGN REAHMUK3 7#ACF72 U
VOWEL SIGN OO1 SIGN REAHMUK3 7#BCDF72 !
SIGN REAHMUK1 VOWEL SIGN I3 7#CD1 #A72
/A
SIGN REAHMUK1 VOWEL SIGN Y3 7#BDF1 #A72
[A
VOWEL SIGN AE1 SIGN REAHMUK3 7#ABF1 #A72
<A
,FULL ,VOWELS
INDEPENDENT VOWEL QI3 7#F1 #CD72 ,/
INDEPENDENT VOWEL QII3 7#AE1 #A72 EA
INDEPENDENT VOWEL QU3 7#AD1 #A72 CA
INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUUV3 7#ABEF72 \
INDEPENDENT VOWEL RY3 7#F1 #ACDF72 ,X
INDEPENDENT VOWEL RYY3 7#ACDF1 #A72 XA
INDEPENDENT VOWEL LY3 7#ADEF72 ?
INDEPENDENT VOWEL LYY3 7#ADEF1 #A72 ?A
INDEPENDENT VOWEL QE3 7#E72 "
INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAI3 7#ABD1 #A72 FA
INDEPENDENT VOWEL QOO TYPE ONE3 7#AEF1
#A72 :A
#DF
INDEPENDENT VOWEL QOO TYPE ONE A#BA
FOLLOWED BY RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION
MARK3 7#DEF1 #AD72 _C
,NUMBERS
DIGIT #A3 7#CDEF1 #A72 #A
DIGIT #B3 7#CDEF1 #AB72 #B
DIGIT #C3 7#CDEF1 #AD72 #C
DIGIT #D3 7#CDEF1 #ADE72 #D
DIGIT #E3 7#CDEF1 #AE72 #E
DIGIT #F3 7#CDEF1 #ABD72 #F
DIGIT #G3 7#CDEF1 #ABDE72 #G
DIGIT #H3 7#CDEF1 #ABE72 #H
DIGIT #I3 7#CDEF1 #BD72 #I
DIGIT #J3 7#CDEF1 #BDE72 #J
,PUNCTUATION
COMMA3 7#B72 1
SEMICOLON3 7#BC72 2
COLON3 7#DE72 ^
PERIOD1 POINT3 7#BEF72 4
PERIOD1 FULL STOP3 7#ABCDEF72 =
QUESTION MARK3 7#BC72 2
EXCLAMATION3 7#BCE72 6
QUOTE3 7#BCF--#CEF72 8--0 #DG
PARENTHESES3 7#BCEF--#BCEF72 7--7 B#BA
CAPITAL3 7#F72 ,
NUMBER SIGN3 7#CDEF72 #
-------------------------------------#BB
,CAMEROON
,LANGUAGES3 ,FRENCH 7UNCONTRACTED71
,ENGLISH 7CONTRACTED7
,SOURCE3
.,WORLD .,BRAILLE .,USAGE1 #AIIJ
,FRENCH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE .,FRENCH1
PAGE #AHJ
,ENGLISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,ENGLISH1 PAGE #AGE
,CANADA
,LANGUAGES3 ,ENGLISH 7CONTRACTED71
,FRENCH 7UNCONTRACTED AND CONTRACTED7
,UNIFIED ,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE HAS BEEN
ADOPTED1 BUT IS NOT IMPLEMENTED AT
THIS TIME #DH
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3 A#BB
,BRAILLE ,LITERACY ,CANADA_/L
,LITT@ERATIE BRAILLE ,CANADA
_+HTTP://WWW.CANADIANBRAILLEAUTHORITY._&
CA_:
_+WWW.BRAILLELITERACYCANADA.CA_:
,THE ,BRAILLE ,AUTHORITY OF ,NORTH
,AMERICA
_+HTTP://WWW.BRAILLEAUTHORITY.ORG_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE1 ,AMERICAN
.,EDITION1 #AIID2 ,REVISED #BJJB
..,CODE BRAILLE FRAN@CAIS .UNIFORMIS@E1
#BJJH
,BRAILLE ,FORMATS3
..,BRAILLE ,FORMATS3 ,PRINCIPLES OF
,PRINT-TO-,BRAILLE .,TRANSCRIPTION1
#BJAA
,,IPA ,BRAILLE3
..,AN ,UPDATED ,TACTILE ,REPRESENTATION
OF THE ,INTERNATIONAL ,PHONETIC #DI
.,ALPHABET1 #BJJH B#BB
,COMPUTER ,NOTATION3
.,COMPUTER .,BRAILLE .,CODE1 #BJJJ
,REVISION
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
..,NEMETH ,CODE FOR ,MATHEMATICS @&
,SCIENCE .,NOTATION1 #AIGB ,REVISION
,CHEMISTRY ,NOTATION3
..,BRAILLE ,CODE FOR ,CHEMICAL
.,NOTATION1 #AIIG
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
.,MUSIC .,BRAILLE .,CODE1 #AIIG
,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS3
..,GUIDELINES AND ,STANDARD FOR ,TACTILE
.,GRAPHICS1 #BJAJ
-------------------------------------#BC
,REFRESHABLE ,BRAILLE3
..,PROVISIONAL ,GUIDELINES FOR ,LINEAR
,BRAILLE .,FORMAT1 #AIHG #EJ
A#BC
,ENGLISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,ENGLISH1 PAGE #AGE
,FRENCH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE .,FRENCH1
PAGE #AHJ
,CHILE
,LANGUAGE3 ,SPANISH 7USUALLY
UNCONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BRAILLE ,COUNCIL
,7,COMISI@ON ,BRAILLE
,LATINOAMERICANA7' 7,,CBL7
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BLIND ,UNION ,7,UNI@ON
,LATINOAMERICANA DE CIEGOS7' 7,,ULAC7
_+WWW.ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
_+_BRAILLE@ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
,CONSEJO ,IBEROAMERICANO DEL ,BRAILLE
7,,CIB7
_>ADTA@_<ONCE.ES_:
#EA
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3 B#BC
..,EL ,BRAILLE INTEGRAL Y LA
.ESTENOGRAF@IA1 #AIHG 7,LITERARY
,BRAILLE AND ,GRADE #B ,BRAILLE7
,MATHEMATICS ,NOTATION3
.,C@ODIGO .,MATEM@ATICO .,UNIFICADO1
#AIHH 7,UNIFIED ,MATHEMATICS ,CODE7
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
..,INTERNATIONAL ,MANUAL OF ,BRAILLE
,MUSIC .,NOTATION1 #AIIG
,SPANISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,SPANISH1 PAGE #BJA
-------------------------------------#BD
,CHINA
,LANGUAGES3 ,MANDARIN 7CONTRACTED71
,CANTONESE 7UNCONTRACTED AND NO SPACE
BETWEEN WORDS7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,CHINA ,ASSOCIATION FOR THE ,BLIND #EB
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3 A#BD
.,CHINESE .,BRAILLE1 ,TENG1 ,LI1 ,YANG1
,GAO2 ,,ISBN#G-EJHJ-JCDF-B_/,G#.DBD1
,HUAXIA ,PRESS1 #AIIF2
.,CHINESE .,BRAILLE1
,,GB_/,T#AEGBJ--#BJJH2
.,BRAILLE4 AUTHOR3 ,ZHONG ,JINGHUA2
,TIANJIN3 ,TIANJIN ,EDUCATION ,PRESS1
#BJJG
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
..,MATHEMATICAL1 ,PHYSICAL AND ,CHEMICAL
,SYMBOLS OF ,CHINESE .,BRAILLE1 #BJJJ
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
..,CHINA ,BRAILLE ,MUSICAL .,SIGNS1
#BJJI
,MANDARIN ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,MANDARIN1 PAGE #AIE
,CANTONESE ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,CANTONESE1 PAGE #AFI
#EC
,COLOMBIA B#BD
,LANGUAGE3 ,SPANISH 7USUALLY
UNCONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BRAILLE ,COUNCIL
,7,COMISI@ON ,BRAILLE
,LATINOAMERICANA7' 7,,CBL7
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BLIND ,UNION ,7,UNI@ON
,LATINOAMERICANA DE CIEGOS7' 7,,ULAC7
_+WWW.ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
_+_BRAILLE@ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
,CONSEJO ,IBEROAMERICANO DEL ,BRAILLE
7,,CIB7
_>ADTA@_<ONCE.ES_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,EL ,BRAILLE INTEGRAL Y LA
.ESTENOGRAF@IA1 #AIHG 7,LITERARY
,BRAILLE AND ,GRADE #B ,BRAILLE7
,MATHEMATICS ,NOTATION3
.,C@ODIGO .,MATEM@ATICO #ED
.,UNIFICADO1 #AIHH 7,UNIFIED C#BD
,MATHEMATICS ,CODE7
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
..,INTERNATIONAL ,MANUAL OF ,BRAILLE
,MUSIC .,NOTATION1 #AIIG
,SPANISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,SPANISH1 PAGE #BJA
-------------------------------------#BE
,CONGO1 ,DEMOCRATIC
,REPUBLIC OF THE
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7,ZAIRE7
,FRENCH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE .,FRENCH1
PAGE #AHJ
,ENGLISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,ENGLISH1 PAGE #AGE #EE
,COSTA ,RICA A#BE
,LANGUAGE3 ,SPANISH 7USUALLY
UNCONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BRAILLE ,COUNCIL
,7,COMISI@ON ,BRAILLE
,LATINOAMERICANA7' 7,,CBL7
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BLIND ,UNION ,7,UNI@ON
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_+WWW.ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
_+_BRAILLE@ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
,CONSEJO ,IBEROAMERICANO DEL ,BRAILLE
7,,CIB7
_>ADTA@_<ONCE.ES_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,EL ,BRAILLE INTEGRAL Y LA
.ESTENOGRAF@IA1 #AIHG 7,LITERARY
,BRAILLE AND ,GRADE #B ,BRAILLE7
,MATHEMATICS ,NOTATION3
.,C@ODIGO .,MATEM@ATICO #EF
.,UNIFICADO1 #AIHH 7,UNIFIED B#BE
,MATHEMATICS ,CODE7
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
..,INTERNATIONAL ,MANUAL OF ,BRAILLE
,MUSIC .,NOTATION1 #AIIG
,SPANISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,SPANISH1 PAGE #BJA
-------------------------------------#BF
,CROATIA
,LANGUAGE3 ,CROATIAN 7UNCONTRACTED7
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,CROATIAN ,ASSOCIATION OF THE ,BLIND1
,BRAILLE ,COMMITTEE 7,HRVATSKI ODBOR
ZA BRAJICU7
_+WWW.SAVEZ-SLIJEPIH.HR_:
,WEBSITES3
,FOR BOOKS AND MAGAZINES3 ,HRVATSKA
KNJI@ZNICA ZA SLIJEPE 7,CROATIAN
,LIBRARY FOR THE ,BLIND7 #EG
_+HTTP://WWW.HKZASL.HR/_: A#BF
,TEXTBOOKS FOR BLIND CHILDREN ADAPT3
,HRVATSKA KNJI@ZNICA ZA SLIJEPE
7,CROATIAN ,LIBRARY FOR THE ,BLIND7
_+HTTP://WWW.HKZASL.HR/_:
,HRVATSKI SAVEZ SLIJEPIH_/,CROATIAN
,ASSOCIATION OF THE ,BLIND
_+HTTP://WWW.SAVEZ-SLIJEPIH.HR/_:
,CENTAR ZA ODGOJ I OBRAZOVANJE 8,VINKO
,BEK0 7,SCHOOL FOR THE ,BLIND7
_+HTTP://WWW.CENTAR-VINKO-BEK-ZG._&
SKOLE.HR/_:
,UDRU@ZENJE ZA UNAPRE@DIVANJE
OBRAZOVANJA SLIJEPIH I SLABOVIDNIH
OSOBA 7,ASSOCIATION FOR THE
,ADVANCEMENT OF ,EDUCATION OF ,BLIND
AND ,VISUALLY ,IMPAIRED ,PERSONS7
_+HTTP://WWW.UUOSSO.HR_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
.,ELEMENTARY .,BRAILLE .,CODE1 #AIID
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
.,BRAILLE .,MUSIC .,NOTATION1 #BJJE
#EH
,ALPHABET3 ,CROATIAN B#BF
LETTER A3 7#A72 A
LETTER B3 7#AB72 B
LETTER C3 7#AD72 C
LETTER C WITH CARON3 7#AF72 *
LETTER C WITH ACUTE3 7#ADF72 %
LETTER D3 7#ADE72 D
LETTER D1 LETTER Z WITH CARON3
7#ABDEF72 ]
LETTER WITH STROKE3 7#ADEF72 ?
LETTER E3 7#AE72 E
LETTER F3 7#ABD72 F
LETTER G3 7#ABDE72 G
LETTER H3 7#ABE72 H
LETTER I3 7#BD72 I
LETTER J3 7#BDE72 J
LETTER K3 7#AC72 K
LETTER L3 7#ABC72 L
LETTER LJ3 7#ABF72 <
LETTER M3 7#ACD72 M
LETTER N3 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER NJ3 7#ABDF72 $
LETTER O3 7#ACE72 O
LETTER P3 7#ABCD72 P
LETTER Q3 7#ABCDE72 Q #EI
LETTER R3 7#ABCE72 R C#BF
LETTER S3 7#BCD72 S
LETTER S WITH CARON3 7#AEF72 :
LETTER T3 7#BCDE72 T
LETTER U3 7#ACF72 U
LETTER V3 7#ABCF72 V
LETTER W3 7#BDEF72 W
LETTER X3 7#ACDF72 X
LETTER Y3 7#ACDEF72 Y
LETTER Z3 7#ACEF72 Z
LETTER Z WITH CARON3 7#BCDF72 !
,ACCENTS
SHORT RISING ACCENT3 7#D72 @
SHORT DOWNWARD ACCENT3 7#E72 "
LONG RISING ACCENT3 7#DE72 ^
LONG DOWNWARD ACCENT3 7#EF72 ;
-------------------------------------#BG
,PUNCTUATION
COMMA3 7#B72 1
SEMICOLON3 7#BC72 2
COLON3 7#BE72 3
PERIOD1 FULL STOP3 7#C72 '
QUESTION MARK3 7#BF72 5 #FJ
EXCLAMATION3 7#BCE72 6 A#BG
APOSTROPHE 7,IZOSTAVNIK73 7#BEF72 4
QUOTE3 7#BCEF--#BCEF72 7--7
SINGLE QUOTE3 7#C--#C72 '--'
PARENTHESES3 7#BCF--#CEF72 8--0
BRACKETS3 7#ABCEF--#BCDEF72 (--)
PARENTHESES3 7#ABEF--#ABEF72 \--\
HYPHEN3 7#CF72 -
ASTERISK3 7#CE72 9
AMPERSAND3 7#ABCDF72 &
PARAGRAPH3 7#CDF72 +
SUPERSCRIPT3 7#CD72 /
RELEASE3 7#F72 ,
CAPITAL3 7#DF72 .
NUMBER SIGN3 7#CDEF72 #
ITALICS3 7#DEF72 _
-------------------------------------#BH
,CUBA
,LANGUAGE3 ,SPANISH 7UNCONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
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,LATINOAMERICANA7' 7,,CBL7 A#BH
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BLIND ,UNION ,7,UNI@ON
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_+WWW.ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
_+_BRAILLE@ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
,CONSEJO ,IBEROAMERICANO DEL ,BRAILLE
7,,CIB7
_>ADTA@_<ONCE.ES_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,EL ,BRAILLE INTEGRAL Y LA
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,MATHEMATICS ,NOTATION3
.,NOTACI@ON .,MATEM@ATICA4 ,FUNDACI@ON
,BRAILLE DE ,URUGUAY4 ,UNIFICACI@ON
DEL C@ODIGO MATEM@ATICO
,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
..,GU@IAS ,COMISI@ON ,BRAILLE .ESPA@NOLA
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
..,NOTACI@ON MUSICAL EN SISTEMA #FB
.BRAILLE4 ,FRANK ,EMILIO B#BH
,FLYNN1 ,EDICIONES ,BRAILLE ,IRIS1 ,LA
,HABANA1 #AIIG
,STENOGRAPHY3
,CONFERENCIA ESTENOGRAF@IA
,HISPANOAMERICANA1 ,GRADO #B ,APROBADO
EN ,MONTEVIDEO1 #AIFD1 ,BUENOS ,AIRES
,ORGANIZACI@ON NACIONAL DEL CIEGOS Y
,NACIONAL BRAILLE DE ,BUENOS ,AIRES1
#AIFF
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PAGE #AHC #FC
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.,TURKISH1 PAGE #BJD
-------------------------------------#BI
,CZECH ,REPUBLIC
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_+WWW.SONS.CZ_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
,,GONZ@UROV@A1 ,WANDA1 ..,P@R@IRU@CKA
PRO P@REPIS TEXT@U DO BODOV@EHO
..P@ISMA 7,BRAILLE ,TRANSCRIPTION
.,MANUAL7
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
,,GONZ@UROV@A1 ,WANDA1 ..,P@R@IRU@CKA
PRO P@REPIS TEXT@U DO BODOV@EHO
..P@ISMA 7,BRAILLE ,TRANSCRIPTION
.,MANUAL7
#FD
,COMPUTER ,NOTATION3 A#BI
#H-DOT3 USED TO REPRESENT BRAILLE ON
BRAILLE DISPLAYS 7BRAILLE TRANSLATION
TABLES IMPLANTED IN SCREENREADERS AND
BRAILLE EMBOSSING SOFTWARE7
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
,,JEL@INEK1 ,JI@R@I3 ..,NOTOPIS PRO
NEVIDOM@E 7,BRAILLE ,MUSIC ,NOTATION
FOR THE .,BLIND7
,ALPHABET3 ,CZECH
LETTER A3 7#A72 A
LETTER A WITH ACUTE3 7#AF72 *
LETTER B3 7#AB72 B
LETTER C3 7#AD72 C
LETTER C WITH CARON3 7#ADF72 %
LETTER D3 7#ADE72 D
LETTER D WITH CARON3 7#ADEF72 ?
LETTER E3 7#AE72 E
LETTER E WITH ACUTE3 7#CDE72 >
LETTER E WITH CARON3 7#ABF72 <
LETTER F3 7#ABD72 F
LETTER G3 7#ABDE72 G
LETTER H3 7#ABE72 H #FE
LETTER I3 7#BD72 I B#BI
LETTER I WITH ACUTE3 7#CD72 /
LETTER J3 7#BDE72 J
LETTER K3 7#AC72 K
LETTER L3 7#ABC72 L
LETTER M3 7#ACD72 M
LETTER N3 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER N WITH CARON3 7#ABDF72 $
LETTER O3 7#ACE72 O
LETTER O WITH ACUTE3 7#BDF72 [
LETTER P3 7#ABCD72 P
LETTER Q3 7#ABCDE72 Q
LETTER R3 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER R WITH CARON3 7#BDEF72 W
LETTER S3 7#BCD72 S
LETTER S WITH CARON3 7#AEF72 :
LETTER T3 7#BCDE72 T
LETTER T WITH CARON3 7#ABEF72 \
LETTER U3 7#ACF72 U
LETTER U WITH ACUTE3 7#CDF72 +
LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE3 7#BCDEF72 )
LETTER V3 7#ABCF72 V
LETTER W3 7#ABCEF72 (
LETTER X3 7#ACDF72 X
LETTER Y3 7#ACDEF72 Y #FF
LETTER Y WITH ACUTE3 7#ABCDF72 & C#BI
LETTER Z3 7#ACEF72 Z
LETTER Z WITH CARON3 7#BCDF72 !
-------------------------------------#CJ
,PUNCTUATION
COMMA3 7#B72 1
SEMICOLON3 7#BC72 2
COLON3 7#BE72 3
PERIOD1 FULL STOP3 7#C72 '
QUESTION MARK3 7#BF72 5
EXCLAMATION3 7#BCE72 6
APOSTROPHE3 7#D72 @
QUOTE3 7#BCEF--#BCEF72 7--7
PARENTHESES3 7#BCF--#CEF72 8--0
HYPHEN3 7#CF72 -
SLASH3 7#ABDEF72 ]
ASTERISK3 7#CE72 9
CAPITAL3 7#F72 ,
SERIES CAPITAL3 7#EF72 ;
NUMBER SIGN3 7#CDEF72 #
#FG
,DENMARK A#CJ
,LANGUAGES3 ,DANISH 7CONTRACTED71
,FAROESE 7UNCONTRACTED71 ,GREENLANDIC
7UNCONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,BRAILLE ,AUTHORITY ,DENMARK
,DET ,DANSKE ,PUNKTSKRIFTNAEVN
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
.,DEN .,DANSKE .,PUNKTSKRIFT1 #AIIC
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
,LA,TEX NOMENCLATURE BASED ON THE
AUTHORIZED #H-DOT CODE 7,LATIN #ABEB7
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
..,INTERNATIONAL ,NOTATION FOR .,MUSIC1
,MARBURG
,DANISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE .,DANISH1
PAGE #AGC
#FH
,ALPHABET3 ,FAROESE #CA
LETTER A3 7#A72 A
LETTER A WITH ACUTE3 7#CD72 /
LETTER B3 7#AB72 B
LETTER D3 7#ADE72 D
LETTER ETH3 7#ADEF72 ?
LETTER E3 7#AE72 E
LETTER F3 7#ABD72 F
LETTER G3 7#ABDE72 G
LETTER H3 7#ABE72 H
LETTER I3 7#BD72 I
LETTER I WITH ACUTE3 7#ABF72 <
LETTER J3 7#BDE72 J
LETTER K3 7#AC72 K
LETTER L3 7#ABC72 L
LETTER M3 7#ACD72 M
LETTER N3 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER O3 7#ACE72 O
LETTER O WITH ACUTE3 7#BCDEF72 )
LETTER P3 7#ABCD72 P
LETTER R3 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER S3 7#BCD72 S
LETTER T3 7#BCDE72 T
LETTER U3 7#ACF72 U
LETTER U WITH ACUTE3 7#ABCEF72 ( #FI
LETTER V3 7#ABCF72 V A#CA
LETTER Y3 7#ACDEF72 Y
LETTER Y WITH ACUTE3 7#ABCDEF72 =
LETTER AE3 7#CDE72 >
LETTER O WITH STROKE3 7#BDF72 [
,PUNCTUATION
COMMA3 7#B72 1
SEMICOLON3 7#BC72 2
COLON3 7#BE72 3
PERIOD1 FULL STOP3 7#BEF72 4
QUESTION MARK3 7#BF72 5
EXCLAMATION3 7#BCE72 6
APOSTROPHE AND ABBREVIATION3 7#C72 '
QUOTE3 7#BCF--#CEF72 8--0
PARENTHESES3 7#BCEF--#BCEF72 7--7
ELLIPSIS3 7#C1 #C1 #C72 '''
HYPHEN3 7#CF72 -
DASH3 7#CF1 #CF72 --
CAPITAL3 7#F72 ,
NUMBER SIGN3 7#CDEF72 #
ITALICS3 7#EF72 ;
#GJ
,ALPHABET3 ,GREENLANDIC #CB
LETTER A3 7#A72 A
LETTER E3 7#AE72 E
LETTER F3 7#ABD72 F
LETTER G3 7#ABDE72 G
LETTER I3 7#BD72 I
LETTER J3 7#BDE72 J
LETTER K3 7#AC72 K
LETTER L3 7#ABC72 L
LETTER M3 7#ACD72 M
LETTER N3 7#ACDE72 N
LETTER O3 7#ACE72 O
LETTER P3 7#ABCD72 P
LETTER Q3 7#ABCDE72 Q
LETTER R3 7#ABCE72 R
LETTER S3 7#BCD72 S
LETTER T3 7#BCDE72 T
LETTER U3 7#ACF72 U
LETTER V3 7#ABCF72 V
LETTER B3 7#AB72 B
LETTER C3 7#AD72 C
LETTER D3 7#ADE72 D
LETTER H3 7#ABE72 H
LETTER W3 7#BDEF72 W
LETTER X3 7#ACDF72 X #GA
LETTER Y3 7#ACDEF72 Y A#CB
LETTER Z3 7#ACEF72 Z
LETTER AE3 7#CDE72 >
LETTER O WITH STROKE3 7#BDF72 [
LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE3 7#AF72 *
,PUNCTUATION
COMMA3 7#B72 1
SEMICOLON3 7#BC72 2
COLON3 7#BE72 3
PERIOD1 FULL STOP3 7#C72 '
QUESTION MARK3 7#BF72 5
EXCLAMATION3 7#BCE72 6
APOSTROPHE3 7#D72 @
QUOTE3 7#BCEF--#BCEF72 7--7
PARENTHESES3 7#BCF--#CEF72 8--0
BRACKETS3 7#E1 #BCF--#E1 #CEF72 "8--"0
ELLIPSIS3 7#C1 #C1 #C72 '''
HYPHEN3 7#CF72 -
DASH3 7#CF1 #CF72 --
SLASH3 7#CD72 /
ASTERISK3 7#CE72 9
CAPITAL3 7#DF72 .
UPPERCASE LETTERS3 7#DEF72 _
NUMBER SIGN3 7#CDEF72 # #GB
ITALICS3 7#EF72 ; B#CB
-------------------------------------#CC
,DOMINICA
,LANGUAGE3 ,ENGLISH 7CONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,UNDER THE CARE OF3 ,CARIBBEAN ,COUNCIL
FOR THE ,BLIND
_+HTTP://WWW.EYECARECARIBBEAN.COM_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,BRITISH ,BRAILLE ,A ,RESTATEMENT OF
,STANDARD ,ENGLISH .,BRAILLE1 #BJJD
..,ENGLISH ,BRAILLE1 ,AMERICAN
.,EDITION1 #AIID2 ,REVISED #BJJB
,MATHEMATICS AND ,SCIENCE ,NOTATION3
.,BRAILLE .,MATHEMATICS .,NOTATION1
#BJJE
..,NEMETH ,CODE FOR ,MATHEMATICS @&
,SCIENCE .,NOTATION1 #AIGB ,REVISION
#GC
,ENGLISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE A#CC
.,ENGLISH1 PAGE #AGE
,DOMINICAN ,REPUBLIC
,LANGUAGE3 ,SPANISH 7USUALLY
UNCONTRACTED7
,BRAILLE ,STANDARDS ,SET BY3
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BRAILLE ,COUNCIL
,7,COMISI@ON ,BRAILLE
,LATINOAMERICANA7' 7,,CBL7
,LATIN ,AMERICAN ,BLIND ,UNION ,7,UNI@ON
,LATINOAMERICANA DE CIEGOS7' 7,,ULAC7
_+WWW.ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
_+_BRAILLE@ULACDIGITAL.ORG_:
,CONSEJO ,IBEROAMERICANO DEL ,BRAILLE
7,,CIB7
_>ADTA@_<ONCE.ES_:
,LITERARY ,NOTATION3
..,EL ,BRAILLE INTEGRAL Y LA
.ESTENOGRAF@IA1 #AIHG 7,LITERARY
,BRAILLE AND ,GRADE #B ,BRAILLE7 #GD
,MATHEMATICS ,NOTATION3 B#CC
.,C@ODIGO .,MATEM@ATICO .,UNIFICADO1
#AIHH 7,UNIFIED ,MATHEMATICS ,CODE7
,MUSIC ,NOTATION3
..,INTERNATIONAL ,MANUAL OF ,BRAILLE
,MUSIC .,NOTATION1 #AIIG
,SPANISH ,ALPHABET3 ,SEE
.,SPANISH1 PAGE #BJA
,,END ,,OF ,,VOLUME #A
#GE