Norwegian Braille -- 2012
Contents
Preface ... 7
Introduction ... 9
1. The Braille system ... 10
1.1 General ... 10
1.1.1 Some Braille History ... 10
1.2 The structure of the Braille ... 11
1.2.1 With 6 points ... 12
1.2.2 With 8 points ... 12
1.3 Braille's system ... 13
1.4 The relationship between Braille and plain writing ... 16
2. Norwegian Braille ... 18
2.1 The Norwegian alphabet ... 18
2.2 Other letters ... 18
2.2.1 Letters used in Norwegian ... 18
2.2.2 The Sami alphabet ... 21
2.2.3 Letters in Norse, Icelandic and Faroese ... 22
2.3 Copy and credit card ... 23
2.4 Marking large letter ... 24
3. Sentence signs ... 25
3.1 Points. . (3) ... 25
3.2 Getting,, (2) ... 26
3.3 Semicolon; ; (23) ... 26
3.4 Colon:: (25) ... 27
3.5 Question marks? ? (26) ... 28
3.6 Exclamation mark! + (235) ... 28
4. Enclosure sign ... 29
4.1 Round brackets () () (236 and 356) ... 29
4.2 Chopping braces [] [] (12356 and 23456) ... 29
4.3 Braces {} '['] (6-12356 and 6-23456) ... 30
4.4 Quantity brackets {} 2 @ (126 and 345) ... 30
4.5 Smaller-than-Characters and Larger-Than Characters Used as Enclosure Characters ... 30
4.6 Quotes "/ (256) ... 30
5. Other general characters ... 32
5.1 Apostrophe '! (5) ... 32
5.2 Star (asterisk) * * (35) ... 33
5.3 One-character & 0 (346) ... 33
5.4 Paragraphs § 0 (346) ... 33
5.5 Square sign (number sign) # # (3456) ... 34
6. Strikes ... 35
6.1 Horizontal lines ... 35
6.1.1 Plain hyphenation - - (36) ... 35
6.1.2 Long dash (from - to - line) - - (36-36) ... 36
6.1.3 Hyphenation and Replication Line - - (36-36) ... 36
6.1.4 Underline ... 37
6.2 Slash / (34 ... 37
7. Signs and Signs ... 39
7.1 Small Latin Letter <(56) ... 39
7.2 Large Latin Letter '(6) ... 40
7.2.1 Several large Latin letters in succession '' (6-6) ... 40
7.3 Upper and lower case combination ... 41
7.4 Greek letters ... 42
7.5 Roman numerals ... 43
7.6 Number # (3456) ... 43
7.7 Separation Point (6) ... 44
7.8 Emphasis ... 44
7.8.1 General Emphasis; (23 and 56) ... 44
7.8.2 Other Emphasis ... 45
7.8.3 Other forms of Emphasis ... 47
8. Figures ... 51
8.1 Range of the character ... 51
8.2 Figures divided into numerical groups ... 51
8.3 Fractions and mixed numbers ... 53
8.4 Time indications ... 54
8.5 Bible references and the like ... 54
8.6 Number symbols that occupy one cell in Braille ... 56
9. Mathematical characters ... 57
9.1 Operators (rain signs) ... 57
9.2 Differential signs ... 58
9.3 Fractions ... 59
9.4 Indexes ... 59
9.5 Radical √ 3 (146) ... 60
9.6 Percentage and per thousand ... 61
9.7 Slash line at line break ... 61
10. Units of measurement ... 62
10.1 Names ... 62
10.2 degrees °!) (5-356), minutes'! (5) and seconds '' ... 63
10.3 feet,! (5), inch '' (5-5) ... 64
10.4 Caliber. #. (3456-3) ... 64
11. Coins ... 65
11.1 Kroner ... 65
11.2 Euro €? (26) ... 65
11.3 Pounds ll (123) ... 66
11.4 Dollar $ / (256) ... 66
11.5 Currency sign ¤ (m) (236-134-356) ... 67
11.6 Other coins ... 67
12. Computer signs ... 68
12.1 Curl Alfa @ "(4) ... 68
12.2 Reverse Slash \ 5 (156) ... 69
12.3 Underline _ _ (456) ... 69
12.4 Tilde ~ 4 (1456) ... 69
12.5 Vertical line (post) | % (123456) ... 70
12.6 Escape Sign $ / (256) ... 70
12.7 Control Signs ^ $ (46) ... 71
12.8 Characters with special Braille notation in computer ... 71
12.8.1 Less-than-characters and greater-than-characters 2 @ (126 and 345) ... 71
12.8.2 Percent% 6 (1246) ... 71
12.8.3 Quotes "^ (2346) ... 72
12.8.4 Exclamation mark! '+ (6-235) ... 72
12.9 Hyphen at line break ... 72
13. Character combinations ... 74
13.1 Letters in circles ... 74
13.2 Combinations with slashes ... 75
13.3 Iconic character combinations ... 75
14. Diacritical signs ... 77
14.1 Universal Accent ... 77
14.2 Characters over the letter ... 78
14.3 Characters under the letter ... 81
14.4 Drawing through the letter ... 81
15. Special characters in language ... 83
15.1 Foreign language text ... 84
15.2 Phonetic and phonemic transcription (audio writing) ... 85
16. Bullets ... 87
16.1 Breakpoint - - (36-36) ... 87
16.2 Bullet point ● ○ = (2356) ... 90
16.3 Other point markers ... 91
16.4 Multi-level bullet points ... 91
16.4.1 Two levels ... 91
16.4.2 Three levels ... 93
16.4.3 More levels ... 94
17. Footnotes and endnotes ... 95
Reading table ... 98
APPENDIX ... 102
1 Dansk ... 103
2 Swedish ... 105
3 Finnish (and Swedish produced in Finland) ... 108
4 English ... 110
5 German ... 114
6 French ... 118
7 Spanish ... 120
8 Russian ... 122
9 Esperanto ... 124
10 The Greek Alphabet in Braille ... 126
Bulletin committee's publications ... 127
Bibliography ... 128
Index ... 130