Polish Math and Science System for Braille
Contents
BRAILLE CHARACTERS ... 1
INTRODUCTION ... 2
Entries used in the tutorial ... 2
Succession of characters ... 3
Numbers ... 4
Main numerals ... 4
Ordinal numerals ... 4
Integers ... 4
Multi-positional notation ... 4
Decimal numbers ... 5
Percentages and promile ... 5
Roman notation of numbers ... 5
ALPHABET CHARACTERS ... 6
Latin letter notation ... 6
Writing Greek letters ... 6
Emphasis in inkprint ... 6
Greek alphabet ... 7
Rules for the use of alphabet characters and printed ... 7
WRITING UNITS – BASICS ... 8
RECORD DATE AND TIME ... 9
Record date ... 9
Time recording ... 9
SIGNS OF ACTION AND RELATIONSHIP ... 10
Signs of action ... 10
Relationship signs ... 11
Parentheses ... 11
Mathematical brackets ... 11
Parentheses for non-mathematical text ... 12
ABSOLUTE VALUE – MODULE ... 12
NUMBER DIVITORS ... 12
SEPARATING NUMBERS FROM PUNCTUATION ... 13
MOVING PARTS OF MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS TO THE NEXT LINE ... 14
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS ... 15
Collections ... 16
Designations of collections and numerical collections ... 16
Signs of relationships and actions on collections ... 16
Other symbols used in the collection algebra ... 17
Graphical representation of the compartments ... 20
PROJECTION TECHNOLOGY ... 22
Principles of projection technique ... 22
Simple projectors ... 22
Composite projectors ... 23
Detailed projectors ... 23
Fractions ... 25
Full notation of fractions ... 25
Shortened fraction notation ... 25
Fractions of normal ... 26
Mixed numbers ... 26
Examples of actions on fractions of ordinary ... 27
Algebraic fractions ... 27
Parentheses-whether the short recording? ... 29
Compound fractions ... 30
POWERS AND INDICATORS ... 31
Key characters for exponors of power and right-hand pointers ... 31
The order of the right-hand indicators and the exponent ... 34
The so-called "stamps" ... 34
Horizontal bracing characters ... 35
Left-hand indicators ... 36
Elements ... 37
Simple sign of the element ... 37
Composite sign of the element ... 38
A detailed sign of the element ... 38
Examples of write expressions using powers, elements, and pointers ... 39
Features ... 40
Features ... 40
Inverse function ... 40
Composite function ... 41
Constans ... 41
Signum ... 41
Examples of function recordings ... 41
Graphical representation of polynomials charts ... 42
LARGE BUCKLE SPANING SEVERAL LINES ... 43
EQUATIONS AND SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS ... 44
Equation ... 44
Systems of equations ... 45
Signs of determiners and matrices ... 46
Logarithms ... 47
Geometry ... 48
Basic geometric symbols ... 48
Vector markings ... 49
Analytical geometry ... 50
Trigonometry ... 51
Graduated angle measure ... 51
Arc angle measure ... 51
Trigonometric functions ... 52
Inverse trigonometric functions ... 53
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC ... 54
Logic symbols ... 54
Quantifiers ... 54
PROBABILITY CALCULUS AND COMBINATORICS ... 55
Factorial ... 55
Boundaries ... 56
Symbols used in boundary notation ... 56
Derived ... 57
Integrals ... 57
RECIPROCAL CHARACTER POSITION ... 58
BRAJLOWSKA PHYSICAL NOTATION – REMARKS ... 60
INDICATORS AND "STAMPS" IN PHYSICAL FORMULAS ... 60
Arrows in physical records ... 62
Left-hand indicators in physical records ... 65
EXAMPLES OF RECORDING OF DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PATTERNS ... 66
Selected topics of Braille transcription ... 66
Examples of expressions using complex key characters ... 68
UNITS AND OPERATIONS ON UNITS ... 69
Word symbols, mark ... 69
Basic SI units ... 69
Complementary SI units ... 69
Derived SI units ... 69
SI unit prefixes ... 71
Frequently used units outside the SI system ... 72
Rules applicable to the application of the mark ... 74
Main units – examples ... 75
Temperature units ... 75
Units in formulas and physical expressions ... 76
BRAJLOWSKA CHEMICAL NOTATION – REMARKS ... 77
BASIC SYMBOLS AND SIGNS USED IN CHEMISTRY ... 77
Symbols of the elements ... 77
Particle patterns ... 77
Stoichiometric indexes ... 78
Stoichiometric coefficients ... 78
Arrow symbols in Chemical Records ... 79
Catalyzed reaction ... 79
Indicators ... 79
Ions ... 80
Hydrata ... 80
Construction of the atom ... 81
Electro-chemical elements ... 81
The arrangement of a cylindrical electrons at an atom ... 82
Electron vapour non-binding ... 82
Distribution of electrons binding ... 82
Chemical bonding ... 83
Electron configuration ... 84
Electron recording ... 84
Value ... 84
Degrees of oxidation of the elements ... 85
CHEMICAL REACTIONS ... 85
The formation of salt ... 85
Formation of insoluble salts ... 85
Reversible reaction ... 86
Dissociation reaction ... 86
Oxidation and reduction reactions ... 86
Electron balance in oxidation and reduction reactions ... 86
Response string Scheme ... 86
Write units [Chem.] ... 87
Percentage concentration of the solution ... 87
GENERAL DESIGNS ... 88
SEMI-STRUCTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGNS ... 88
Bonds between atoms ... 88
Structural patterns of inorganic compounds ... 89
Structural and semi-structural patterns of organic compounds. ... 89
Ring compounds ... 92
Literature ... 102
TABLE OF CONTENTS – ALPHABETICALLY ... 103
Index ... 107