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Braille's writing rules for mathematics and science are one collection of rules and recommendations for how to write mathematics and other science subjects in Swedish Braille.
This second revised edition has been produced by Ulf Aldener, Lillemor Andersson, Stig Becker, Fredrik Larsson, Björn Nyqvist, Anders Sennerö and Björn Westling. The previous edition was published in 1997.
The new edition, among other things, has a new sign for mathematical characters ] (dots 12456) introduced. A list of changes made at the sign level is towards the end of the book. Changes have been made to make it easier to use mathematically Braille. The appearance of the mathematical characters in Braille has been chosen to be easier to remember than before. The It is further recommended that greater attention be paid to it mathematical braille layout, among other things by using blank characters can be used to create better readability in a succession of characters and that each equation in an equation system should be written on new line.
A basic prerequisite for the design of the mathematical Braille is to get so much conformity with writing rules for other Braille as possible. This has succeeded in principle fully and can serve as a model for the construction of corresponding writing rules for Braille in other countries. That, for example, 3 × 4 m² is written in the same way in Braille in one novel as in a scientific article we think is very important for the Braille to be readable and accessible.
Johanneshov, August 2012; Björn Westling
Braille's writing rules for mathematics and science are one compilation of rules and associated examples for Braille in mathematics and science.
The script consists of two parts. Nine chapters in the first part are presented writing rules and different groups of characters and symbols. IN the second part is given examples sorted in four chapters for different areas or subjects.
The writing rules for mathematics and science are based on and are an extension of the writing rules described in Swedish writing rules for Braille.
The Braille's writing rules for mathematics and science cover the need for Braille characters up to and including high school and in many cases also the college level. Based on how the Braille characters If designed, it is possible to create further if necessary Braille characters so as to completely cover the need for Higher literature.
Black print books often have a layout that gives the eye a quick look overview of quite complicated connections. Such a layout can be difficult to reproduce in braille and can sometimes become more obstacles than help for Braille reader.
Typical typefaces in black print that are difficult to exactly imitate Braille is, for example, layouts where you can arrows show a cross-flow, the "staircase" that illustrates division calculation as well as atomic and molecular structures in chemistry. Such black-and-white illustrations should be commented on and can also be supplemented with relief images.
The examples in the Braille's writing rules for mathematics and science are essentially authentic and have been chosen to illustrate phenomena that are not always clear from the text. Note that the examples in some cases introduce typos and characters that are taken up later in the book.
In most cases, blank characters do not have any meaning-bearing function in mathematical Braille but can be used to create one better readability for longer character sequences. In some cases, Braille characters must be surrounded by whitespace to avoid misunderstandings.
Arithmetic operators (Chapter 5) can be written in black print with or without blank characters on either side.
Arrows
Braille characters for different arrows are presented in section 8.4 and 8.5.
The representations that ordinary arrows (section 8.4) have in Braille are meant to graphically mimic the appearance of the characters in black writing. This principle does not apply to most other characters. All Braille characters that represent common arrows must be surrounded by whitespace.
Other arrows (section 8.5) are represented in Braille by using the meaning of the sign is written within the auxiliary service - in an abbreviated form
Line
Lines are presented in section 8.3. Two simple lines alongside each other should be separated by whitespace so as not to be misinterpreted as one double stroke.
Comparison
Comparison operators are presented in section 9.1. It is often appropriate and sometimes necessary to have these Braille characters surrounded of whitespace.
Multidisciplinary and logic
The characters and symbols used in volume theory and logic are presented in section 9.2. Even for them, it is often appropriate that the corresponding Braille characters are surrounded by blank characters.