Duxbury Systems Proudly Presents:
Documents on Automated Braille Production
These web pages make extensive use of links containing commands to land on a specific page in a pdf file. To link to a specific page in a pdf, your browser must be Chrome, Firefox, or Safari. Internet Explorer or Edge ignores the page number command and always take you to the first page of a pdf.
This web page is a companion page to: History of Braille and the Early Education of the Blind
Finding the correct location in a pdf may be tedious in that case.What is this All About?
This is a collection of documents, mostly pdf files, all saved on one server. The documents are organized chronologically. This archive contains documents related to blindness, braille, the automation of braille, and many other topics. For more information about the purpose of this collection, the sources, and the stories contained in it, please follow this link.
The Chronology
1950's
- Portions of Nemeth Math Code, 1953
- Influence of Context on Translation, by A. D. Booth, 1955 (presented in 1956)
- As I Saw it by Robert Irwin, AFB, 1955 (contains The War of the Dots) (pdf page 8)
- First Conference on Techniques of Transcribing and Recording Text Books for Blind Students (in 1964 the National Braille Club was renamed the National Braille Association) [see excerpt about Nemeth Code]
1960's
- Robert Mann's History of the development of the Braille Translator during the 1960's and 1970's helps orient the reader to this material.
- An Encoder for a Grade II Braille, by R. J. Dirkman, S.M. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, MIT, June 1960. Here is a summary.
- Braille Translation System for the IBM 704, IBM Mathematics and Applications Dept. document, by Ann S. Schack and R.T. Mertz, 1961
- Conference on Automatic Data Processing and the Various Braille Codes. Cambridge: MIT, March 1961
- Conference on Research Needs in Braille, September 13-14-15, 1961. Published New York, AFB, [1961]
- Fifth Conference on Techniques of Transcribing and Recording Text Books for Blind Students (in 1964 the National Braille Club was renamed the National Braille Association)
- AFB Research Bulletins 1962-1975
- A Study of Braille Code Revisions by Gerald Staack, 1962
- MIT Sensory Aids Research, 1962
- Enhancing the Availability of Braille (pdf page 17), by Mann, R.W., Proceedings of the International Congress on Technology and Blindness, New York, AFB, June 1962, vol 1, pp 409-425.
- Conference on Nine-Dot Braille at AFB: July 6, 1962
- Automatic Machine Translation: Potentialities for Braille Encoding by Victor H. Yngve (MIT, 1963)
- Digital Enciphering of English Into Braille by Abraham Nemeth (Ph.D. thesis)
- Conference on Nine-Dot Braille at AFB: June 19, 1964 (pdf page 4)
- BLNSYS--a 1401 operating system with Braille capabilities; Communications of the ACM, May 1965
- Sixth Veteran's Conference on Reading Machines for the Blind, Jan 27-28, 1966
- Presentation by Henry Magnuski about PDP-8/Time sharing/Braille printer; May 25, 1966 (pdf page 48) || More on the Glaser, Magnuski, and Luconi braille project
- International Conference on Sensory Devices for the Blind, St. Dunstan's, London, June 1966
- Sep. 30, 1966 Life Magazine article on MIT Sensory Aids work
- Proceedings of the Braille Research and Development Conference, MIT Sensory Aids Center, Nov 18, 1966
- Autobraille (crude description of automated braille production) (1967)
- Sensory Aids Evaluation, MIT Sensory Aids Center, Annual Reports
- Evaluation of Sensory Aids for the Visually Handicapped, NAS conference March 30-31 1967, Washington DC
- Proceedings of the Conference of New Processes for Braille Manufacture, Sensory Aids Evaluation and Development Center, MIT, May 1967
- Development of a Braille Translation for the High-Speed Honeywell 222 Braille Printer (Aug 1967)
- Braille in the United States: Its Production, Distribution, and Use, by Goldish, Louis H., American Foundation for the Blind, 1967.
- Conference for Mobility Trainers and Technologists, MIT, Dec 14-15, 1967
- Proceedings, Conference on New Processes for Braille Manufacture (American Printing House for the Blind, Louisville, Kentucky, February 8-9, 1968)
- Towards Making Braille as Accessible as Print by John K. Dupress, Dwight M.B. Baumaim, and Robert W. Mann EPL Report No. 70249-1, June 1968
- Computer Translation: Grade 2 from Print; Report of American Printing House of the Blind, June 1969 (This early report deals with producing mathematical braille and music braille)
- A Program Abstract for Translating Inkprint into Braille by Computer. By John R. Siems, 1969
- Key Braille Contraction Contexts (APH)
- ACM Report on Blind Programmers (Robert Gildea co-chaired this conference in Oct. 1969)
- Choice of COBOL for Braille Translation by Jonathan K. Millen (MITRE MTR-1743), Dec. 1969
1970's
- DOTSYS: A Braille Translation Program, SAEDC Technical Description Sheet #3 (July 28, 1970)
- DOTSYS II: User's Guide and transfer and maintenance manual, by J. K. Millen, MTR-1853, MITRE Corporation, 1970. (pdf page 10)
- Joe Sullivan was assigned to the braille project at MITRE in 1970
- Final report to John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc. on the grant entitled Development of a high-speed brailler system for more rapid and extensive production of informational material for the blind during the period 1 July 1967 through 30 June 1970 from Sensory Aids Evaluation and Development Center, MIT
- Translation of Books into Braille, Atlanta Public Schools, June 1970
- Finite-State Syntax-Directed Braille Translation, Technical Report MTR-1829, MITRE Corp., by Jonathan Millen, July 2, 1970
- Development of a Dynamic Braille Display; Sutherland N.B. MITRE Corporation, Report MTR-1951, September 1970.
- Dotsys III, description of COBOL program by W. Reid Gerhart, Dr. Jonathan K. Millen, and Joseph E. Sullivan, Technical Report MTR-2119, MITRE Corp., May 1971
- Wescon 1971: Session 4 has four papers on Braille Translation (pdf page 7) || pdf
- Recent Improvements in Braille Transcription, Proc. ACM Conference, 1972
- Bibliography of Research on Braille -- 1971; Carson Noland et. al. APH
- Prospects for utilization of compositor's tape in the production of braille. Grete Grunwald, Argonne National Laboratory, 1971
- Evaluation of Sensory Aids for the Visually Handicapped, NAS conference Nov. 11-12 1971, Washington DC
- Braille Translation: the Computer Aids the Blind (MITRE internal publication)
- Transcription of "In Darkness" using Dotsys and MIT BraillEmboss (by George Dalrymple), Nov. 1972
- Development and Demonstration of Communication Systems for the Blind and Deaf/Blind. Braille Communication Terminals and Tactile Paging Systems. Dalrymple, George, MIT, Feb. 1973 (lots of details on the MIT Braille-emboss)
- A Universal Braille Translator, by Wolfgang A. Slaby, 1973
- DOTSYS III: A Portable Braille Translator, Sullivan J.E., Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery, 1973
- Computer, Computer Technology, and the Physically Disabled, E.J. Desaules (UW-Madison) Dec. 1973
- Computerized Braille Production, Proceedings of the First International Workshop in Münster Germany, 1973 edited by R. A. J. Gildea, G. Hubner, H. Werner, 1974. This includes papers by Bob Gildea and Joseph Sullivan on DOTSYS III, by Coleman (England), Leffler (U.S.), Truquet (France), Vliegenthardt (Netherlands), Leringe (Sweden), Vinding (Denmark), Werner (Germany), Eickenscheidt (Germany), Britz (Germany), and Jakob (Germany). Republished as the ACM SIGCAPH Issue #15, March 1975
- Communication and Sensory Aids for the Deaf-blind: Report of a Workshop, Nov. 1973 (pdf page 2)
- Description of the Atlanta Braille Project (DOTSYS) and the MIT BRAILLEMBOSS as Congressional Testimony (pdf page 31)
- Computerized Braille Production, Proceedings of the Second International Workshop in Copenhagen, Sep. 1974 edited by H. Werner
- John Gill 1974 bibliography of devices for the blind.
- Improving Services to Handicapped Children with Emphasis on Hearing and Vision Impairments (RAND Corp.)
- Report on ARTS in Kentucky (1975)
- Duxbury Systems is formed in July 1975 [plus company timeline]
- DOTSYS III: A Portable Braille Translator by Joseph Sullivan, Technical Report MTR-2119 (rev. 1), MITRE Corp., Oct. 1975
- Design and Evaluation of a System for the Production of Short Documents in Contracted Braille; Warwick Research Institute for the Blind (1975)
- Evaluation of an Inkprint Reading Aid for the Blind: the Stereotoner; Dec. (1975)
- Duxbury Braille Translator's User Manual, Joe Sullivan, 1976 Seeking copy
- Detailed Tables of Contents of Braille Automation and Braille Research Newsletters
- Braille Automation Newsletter #1, Feb. 1976, Gill and Clark
- Annual Report, Warwick Research Unit for the Blind, April 1975-March 1976
- Braille Automation Newsletter (Braille Research Newsletter #2) Aug. 1976
- Braille Automation Newsletter (Braille Research Newsletter #3) erratum, Dec. 1976
- Braille Automation Newsletter (Braille Research Newsletter #3), Dec. 1976
- SIGCAPH 20: Computer-Based Assistance for the Blind at the University of Manitoba
- Computerized Braille Production; Proceedings of the Second International Workshop in Copenhagen (Denmark), September 1974 edited by H. Werner, 1978
- "... and Sensory Aids II", Howard Freiberger, Veterans Administration, 1976
- Computerized Braille, edited by Gildea, R.A.J., and M. Berkowitz, Proceedings of a Workshop on Compliance of Computer Programs with English Braille, American Edition, New York City, 1976, published by the AFB in 1977.
- Expansion of Braille Production in Sweden -- Barry Hampshire (1977)
- Argonne Braille Project by Arnold Grunwald July 1977 Table of Contents
- Braille Research Newsletter #5, July 1977
- Braille Research Newsletter #6, Oct 1977
- Braille Research Newsletter #7, March 1978
- Bibliography on Braille Automation and Related Research, Prepared by J.M. Gill March 1978
- Braille Research Newsletter #4, April 1978
- Duxbury Editor User's Manual, Joe Sullivan, 1978 Seeking copy
- Braille Research Newsletter #8, Sept 1978
- A Study of Braille Contractions Appendices 2 and 3, Jan. 1979
- Braille Research Newsletter #9, April 1979
- Braille Research Newsletter #10, July 1979
- Computerized Braille Production: Today and Tomorrow (Third Workshop), edited by Croisdale, Derrick W., Herman Kamp, and Helmut Werner; papers presented in London, 1979, printed by Springer-Verlag, 1983.
- Establishing Braille Production Facilities in Developing Countries: A Handbook; by Barry Hampshire, 1979
1980's
- Design of a Braille Line Printer (Dutch; RESUS), 1980
- Letter from David Holladay to Telesensory (TSI) about Versabraille/Apple software (1980)
- Braille Research Newsletter #11, Aug 1980
- Braille Research Newsletter #12, Sep 1981
- Working with Braille: a Study of Braille as a Medium of Communication; by Barry Hampshire, Paris: Unesco Press, 1981.
- Proceedings of the John Hopkins First National Search for Applications of Personal Computing to Aid the Handicapped, Oct. 31, 1981 (IEEE) || David Holladay's paper on his program BRAILLE-EDIT
- Proceedings of the International Conference on English Braille Grade 2, Washington DC, 1982
- Computerized Braille Production, Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop in Toulouse, France, Sep. 1981
- Braille Research Newsletter #13, June 1982
- Conference on Uses of Computers in Aiding the Disabled; Haifa Nov. 1981
- Materials presented in Oct 1982 by David Holladay at an exhibit at the US Senate Building
- Braille Research Newsletter #14, July 1983
- Research on Multimedia Access to Microcomputers for Visually Impaired Youth, Sam Ashcroft
- Raised Dot Computing 1983 brochure showing print-to-braille and braille-to-print functionality
- Raised Dot Computing Newsletters, 1983-1994
- Discovery '83: Computer for the Disabled, Conference Papers, University of Wisconsin-Stout David Holladay has two papers submitted, one on BRAILLE-EDIT (pdf page 100), and one on math translation
- SIGCAPH 31: A System For Transcribing Mathematics into Braille by J. Meekel and M. Truquet
- Winter 1984 edition of Education of the Visually Handicapped (some mention of BEX Apple software)
- Rehabilitation of the Visually Impaired (conference held in Florence Italy, April 1984)
- Braille Research Newsletter #15, Dec. 1984
- Computerized Braille Production, Proceedings of the Fifth International workshop in Winterthur, 1985 edited by J.M. Eberold and T Schwyter, 1986
- Carroll Center 1985 Project Cable to teach Apple 2 Technology
- The Liberation of Disabled Persons in a Technological Society: Access to Computer Technology (July 1986)
- Robert Mann's History of the development of the Braille Translator during the 1960's and 1970's (Oct 1986).
- BEX 3.0 (Raised Dot Computing) is released in October 1987
- National Braille Press: Beginner's Guide to Computers, 2nd Edition, 1987
- The Challenge of Rationality in Computer Access for the Visually Impaired (Robert Lambert, 1987)
- Computerized Braille typesetting: another view of markup standards, Electronic Publishing, 1988
1990's
- Computerized Braille Production, Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop in Leuven Belgium, 1990 edited by G. Francois and J. Engelen, 1990
- Saudi Arabia: Assistance with Computerized Braille Production (1992)
- Report of the Texas Commission on Braille Textbook Production, March 1993
- SGML, Braille and UBC; Joseph Sullivan, March 1993
- System for Converting Braille into Print, Paul Blenkhorn, IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, June 1995
- Access Technology, a Guide to Educational Technology for the Visually Impaired; RNIB book 1996
- A Critical Evaluation of the Historical Development of the Tactile Modes of Reading and an Analysis and Evaluation of Researches Carried out in Endeavours to Make the Braille Code Easier to Read and to Write by Pamela Lorimer, December 1996 This is a wonderful survey of the history of tactile reading systems
- What the Future Holds for Braille; by Joseph Sullivan, paper given at the Asian and Pacific Regional Seminar on Information Technology for Visually Impaired Persons, Hong Kong, China, December 1996.
- Legacy of the Past (Those who are gone but have not left); Enerstvedt, Regi. Th. (1996); Some aspects in the history of blind education, deaf education, deaf-blind education, and epilogue; with emphasis on the time before 1900. Forlaget Nord-Press, Dronninglund, Danmark. 399 pp.
- System for Converting Print into Braille, Paul Blenkhorn, IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, June 1997
- A Perspective on Braille Unification; by Joseph Sullivan, paper given at the 10th World Conference of the International Council for Education of People with Visual Impairment, São Paulo, Brazil, August 1997.
- Braille Music Code, 1997 Errata for the Braille Music Code
2000's
- Braille into the next Millennium (Produced by the NFB)
- Automated Braille Production from Word-Processed Documents, Paul Blenkhorn IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, March 2001
- Text and Computer Braille Translation, Alasdair King, September 2001
- Engineering design education and rehabilitation engineering, Robert Mann, Nov. 2002
- A Guide to Making Documents Accessible to People Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired by Jennifer Sutton (2002)
- David Holladay and Caryn Oral History, June 2003 (AFB interview)
- Libraries for the Blind, Conference, Berlin 2003
- Dots And Doubts: Technology And Turmoil Continue To Flourish After Braille's First Century and a Half
- From Silence and Darkness: Historical Origins of the Florida School for the Deaf and Blind, 1883 to 1917, Douglas W. Mikutel
- RoboBraille - Automated Braille Translation by Means of an E-Mail Robot, by Lars Ballieu Christensen, 2006
- 2005_09_xx Massachusetts State Govt - Multilingual Card
- Building a cost-effective Braille book production System in Vietnam (2006)
- Braille Translation Program, Thesis by Daniel Lee at the Curtin University of Technology, Nov. 2006
- Obtaining Mathematical Documents, Michael Whapples, Oct. 2007
- 2007_xx_xx Africa Forum - 4th IDP Africa Forum Nairobi 2007 Delegates List
- History of Technology for the Blind, presented at 175 year OSB conference -- 2007
- World Blind Union - A Universal Voice
- Technical Development of an Electromechanical Braille Labeler, Adelaide S. Calbry-Muzyka; MIT Thesis 2009
- Braille Becomes Electric: The Trials and Triumphs of Braille Translation Software; by Joseph Sullivan, paper published in the July 2009 issue of the AFB Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness
- Unifying Braille: Louis Braille's Vision in Tomorrow's World; by Joseph Sullivan, paper prepared for presentation at the Celebration of the Bicentenary of Louis Braille's birth at UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, January 2009.
- Love is not blind: Eugenics, Blindness, and Marriage in the United States, 1840-1940
- 2012_01_21 Daily Pioneer - braille-ballot-to-help-visually-impaired-cast-their-vote
BOSTON, FEB. 1--COMPUTER TO OPEN A WHOLE NEW WORLD FOR THE BLIND--Janet Fields chairman of the Braille Transcribing Division of the National Braille Press in Boston, examines copy from computerized braille system developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The system translates English, as it is typed, into clusters of raised dots on paper. These dots can be read by the finger-tip touch of a blind person's hand. In the past, using a hand embossing machine, it took six to seven minutes to press one page. The new system can press 20 to 30 pages a minute. (AP WIREPHOTO) This Photo is dated 02/02/72.
Copyright Duxbury Systems, Inc. Friday, September 27, 2019
