Notes on German Braille
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ... 11
1.1 Development of the system ... 13
1.2 Objectives of the reform ... 13
1.3 Basics of the system ... 14
1.4 Notes on the use of the system ... 15
1.5 The double stroke ... 16
2. DEVIATIONS FROM THE ABBREVIATION ... 17
2.1 Punctuation ... 17
2.2 Removal of announcement signs ... 17
2.2.1 The repeal point ... 17
2.2.2 The announcement point ... 17
2.2.3 The umlaut point ... 18
2.2.4 Point 5 before syllables ... 18
2.2.5 Number characters by arithmetic character and to-stroke ... 19
2.2.6 Special markings ... 19
2.3 Derivatives ... 19
2.3.1 Derivatives of word shortening ... 19
2.3.2 Time words ... 20
2.3.3 be, ge, te ... 20
2.4 Self-louds, voice and loud groups ... 20
2.4.1 Confusion with punctuation ... 20
2.4.2 Reduction in the cell count ... 21
2.4.3 ll and mm ... 21
2.4.4 Strain-h ... 21
2.4.5 Simplification ... 22
2.4.6 y ... 22
2.4.7 ai ... 22
2.4.8 New laut group cuts ... 23
3. WORD STAMMINER 25
3.1 The principle ... 25
3.2 Toneless endings ... 25
3.3 Word stem reduction ... 25
3.3.1 Omission in the auslaut ... 26
3.3.2 Loud connection of the word stem ... 26
3.3.3 Self-loud in the announcement ... 26
3.3.4 Prefixes and words ... 27
3.4 Endings that must be written in case of confusion 27
3.4.1 Plurality of female main words ... 27
3.4.2 Two words in the plural ... 28
3.4.3 Increase ... 28
3.4.4 Third person female Single ... 29
3.4.5 Simple Past (Imperfect) ... 30
3.4.6 Middle word of the past with ... 30
3.4.7 Middle word of the present ... 31
3.4.8 Desired and command form ... 32
3.4.9 Identification of the person and profession ... 32
4. SYLLABLES AND ENDINGS ... 33
4.1 General ... 33
4.2 Reductions for prefixes and words in German words ... 33
4.3 Reductions for prefixes and words in foreign words ... 34
4.4 Reductions for syllables and endings in German words ... 35
4.5 Reductions for syllables and endings in foreign words ... 36
4.6 Similarities in the use of pre- and post-syllables ... 36
4.7 Use of prefixes and words ... 37
4.8 Use of syllables and endings ... 37
4.8.1 Basic rule ... 37
4.8.2 Syllables and endings that are often written to have to... 38
5. WORD REDUCTIONS ... 41
5.1 Preliminary remarks ... 41
5.2 List of contactions ... 43
6. CONTRACTIONS FOR MORE THAN ONE WORD ... 65
7. SPECIAL SPELLINGS ... 67
7.1 Additional meanings in the case of one-form cuts ... 67
7.2 Further reduction procedures ... 68
7.2.1 "too" ... 68
7.2.2 Personal or professional titles ... 69
7.2.3 Numbering ... 69
7.3 Foreign words ... 70
7.4 Shorten or advertise? ... 70
7.5 Marking of formatting ... 70
7.5.1 Separation of paragraphs ... 70
7.5.2 Character formatting ... 71
7.6 Correction signs ... 71
7.7 Writing date and time ... 72
7.7.1 Dates ... 72
7.7.2 Names of the day and months ... 72
7.7.3 Stronger shortening of dates ... 72
7.7.4 Writing times ... 74
7.8 Abbreviation procedure relating to figures ... 75
7.8.1 Number shorthand up to 59 ... 75
7.8.2 words before numbers ... 76
7.8.3 Words by numbers ... 76
Bibliography... 79